CIT 384: Network Administration

LANs and WANs

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ethernet Hubs UTP Cabling Switches Ethernet Addresses Ethernet Frames WAN Protocols Frame Relay
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Ethernet
Most LANs use Ethernet.
Historically token ring, ATM, FDDI, etc. Consists of a broad range of protocols.

Cheap and ubiquitous

Most motherboards have gigabit Ethernet now. Ethernet cabling is cheaply available.

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Ethernet Media
Common Name Speed Name IEEE Standard Cable Type

Ethernet
Fast Ethernet

10Mbps
10Mbps 100Mbps 100Mbps

10BASE-T
10BASE-F 100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX

802.3i
802.3j 802.3u 802.3u

Copper
Fiber Copper Fiber

Gigabit

1000Mbps 1000BASE-T

802.3ab

Copper
Fiber

1000Mbps 1000BASE-LX, 802.3z 1000BASE-SX

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History of Ethernet
1973: Invented by Robert Metcalfe at Xerox. (2.94 Mbps)

1980: DEC-Intel-Xerox publish 10Mbps Ethernet standard. 1985: IEEE published 802.3 standard (thicknet: 10BASE5) 1985: Thinnet 10BASE2 standard published as 802.3a. 1990: 10BASE-T twisted pair std published. 1995: 100BASE-T fast Ethernet. 1998: 1000BASE-X gigabit over fiber. 1999: 1000BASE-T gigabit over twisted pair. 2005: 10 gigabit Ethernet over fiber and Infiniband. 2007: Working group for 100 gigabit project auth request.
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How 10BASE2 Ethernet Works

Single electrical circuit (bus) shared by all computers on LAN. Transmitted signal received by all computers on the bus. If two transmit at once, a collision results.

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CSMA/CD
Carrier sense multiple access/Collision detection
1. 2. 3. 4. Device listens until Ethernet LAN is quiet. When quiet, device begins sending frame. Device listens for collisions while sending. If collision occurs, the sending devices each send a jamming signal to ensure all devices recognize collision. 5. After jamming, each sending device waits a random time then tries again.
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Hubs
Advantages of 10BASE-T
In 10BASE2, a single cable failure takes down the entire LAN. Twisted-pair cabling instead of coax 10BASE2.

Hubs
Repeat transmitted signal on each port. Increases max distance. Star topology.

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UTP Cabling
Unshielded Twisted Pair
2 or 4 twisted pairs RJ-45 connectors Cat 3: 10 Mbps Cat 5: 100Mbps Cat 5e: 100+1000

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UTP Cabling Pinouts

Colors
green orange blue brown

Stripes
green/white orange/white blue/white brown/white
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CIT 384: Network Administration

Straight-through Cable
PC transmits on 1,2 Hub receives on 1,2 Hub transmits on 3,6 PC receives on 3,6

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Crossover Cable
Swaps transmit/receive wire pairs. Used for two PC network without a hub. Used for switch/switch communications. Some switches can work with either cable.

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Hubs
1. NIC sends a frame. 2. Hub receives signal on one port. 3. Hub interprets signal as bits. 4. Hub sends bits out all other ports.

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Switches
1. NIC sends a frame. 2. Switch receives frame on one port. 3. Switch looks up destination MAC address. 4. Switch forwards frame on port where that destination can be reached.
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Switches
Switch interprets Ethernet header. Maintains table of address/port mappings. Buffers frames and sends one at a time. Reduces collisions
Forwards frames to single port using table. Buffered frames are sent one at a time.

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Switches vs. Hubs

Hubs
Layer 1 Frequent collisions. Bandwidth per hub, i.e. 100Mbps 12-port hub has 100 Mbps total.

Switches
Layer 2 Infrequent collisions. Bandwidth per port, i.e. a 100 Mbps 12-port switch has 1200 Mbps.

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Half Duplex
Receiving (RX) line monitored.
If frames seen, no frames sent until clear. If frame received while transmitted on TX, a collision occurs.

Hubs can only work in half-duplex mode.

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Full Duplex
RX, TX lines always available.
Transfer in both directions simultaneously. No collisions possible.

Misleadingly advertised as 200 Mbps Ethernet.

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Auto-Negotation
Protocol where both sides of link decide on
Speed Duplex

If only one side set to auto-negotatiate, it fails.

Both switch and NIC must support to succeed.

If auto-negotation fails, parallel detection used

Parallel detection can only determine speed. Not duplex. Assumes half-duplex for 10/100 Mbps. Assumes full duplex for 1000 Mbps and faster.
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Auto-Negotiation Failure
Common failure case
One side hard coded to 100/full. Other side set to auto-negotiate.

Result: one side half-duplex, other full duplex

Full-duplex side sends frames w/o checking RX line. Half-duplex side sees many collisions, wont send until RX clear.

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Ethernet MAC Addresses

OUI assigned by IEEE. Burned in address (BIA) stored in ROM. Can be replaced with a local address.
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Address Types
Unicast addresses represent a single device. Multicast addresses represent a subset of devices on the LAN. They begin with 0100.5E The broadcast address represents all devices on the LAN. It is FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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Ethernet Frames
Three header formats.

In combined length/type field:

If value in range 0..1536, it is a length. If value > 1536, it is a type (ex: IP is 2048).
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Ethernet Fields
Field Preamble Start Frame Delimeter Destination Address Length Description 7 1 6 Synchronization; 7 octets of 01010101. 1 octet of 11010101 Identifies recipient.

Source MAC Address

Length Type Data and Pad

6
2 2 46 1500

Identifies sender (who to reply to.)

Length of data field. Type of protocol encapsulated in frame. Encapsulated data from higher protocol. CRC checksum to detect errors.
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Frame Check Sequence 4

CIT 384: Network Administration

IP over Ethernet

To create a Type field for frames that use Length field, 1 or 2 headers added after Ethernet header and before data.
802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) header.
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Error Detection
CRC used to detect transmission errors.
Frames with bad checksums are discarded. There is no provision for retransmission. Transport layer protocols can handle that.

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Why WANs?
The obvious answer: distance
Ethernet cant travel over many miles. You dont have the rights-of-way to run a cable over many miles between sites.

Solution: point-to-point leased line.

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WAN Components

CSU: Channel service unit. demarc: division between customer/telco responsibility. CPE: customer premises equipment.
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WAN Serial Cabling

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Synchronization
CSU, WAN switch, and router must synchronize clock rates to communicate. DCE: data communications equipment, device that provides clock signal. DTE: data termination equipment, device that receives clock signal, typically router.

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Link Speeds
Name of Line Link Speed

DS0 DS1 (T1) DS3 (T3) OC-1 OC-3 OC-24 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192

64 kbps (digital signal audio channel) 1.544 Mbps (24 DS0s + 8kbps overhead) 44.736 Mbps (28 DS1s + overhead) 51.84 Mbps (optical carrier) 155.52 Mbps (3 * OC-1) 1244.16 Mbps 2488.32 Mbps 4976.64 Mbps 9953.28 Mbps
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Layer 2 Protocols
HDLC: High-level Data Link Control
Address field no longer used.

PPP: Point to Point Protocol

Framing identical to Cisco HDLC.

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Frame Relay
Leased lines dont scale well.
To add a 10th site to network, need to add 10 new leased lines, one to each site. Need routers that support 10 lines each too.

Frame relay
Only need one line per site. Packet switching provided within telco network. Given a virtual circuit, not a physical one.
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Frame Relay
Frame Relay contains address field
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) Telco network switches packets based on DLCI.

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Virtual Circuits

Virtual circuit is a logical path through telco network.

Acts like a point-to-point circuit. Provider will guarantee minimum bandwidth.

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Frame Relay Example

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cisco, Cisco Connection Documentation, http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm Cisco, Internetworking Basics, http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/introint.ht m Gary A. Donahue, Network Warrior, OReilly, 2007. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group, http://www.ieee802.org/3/ Wendell Odom, CCNA Official Exam Certification Library, 3rd edition, Cisco Press, 2007. Priscilla Oppenheimer and Joseph Bardwell, Troubleshooting Campus Networks, Addison-Wesley, 2002. Charles E Spurgeon, Ethernet: The Definitive Guide, OReilly, 2000. W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Addison-Wesley, 1994.

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