Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
• FDAMA 1997
• Sect. 114 standards for economic info.
• New: “competent & reliable evidence”
• OLD: “… from well controlled clinical trials..”
• “widely accepted by experts”
• specific standards never published
Important criteria to consider in RCTs
1. Benchmarks
3. Study design
4. Data Management
5. Analysis / Interpretation
7. Reporting Results
Important PE criteria
1. Benchmarks
• Baseline epidemiology needed
• Natural course of disease
• Burden on society
- Economic burden may be different
• Factors which affect QOL
• Factors which affect patient satisfaction
• Baseline resource use needed
Important PE criteria
2. Study design
• Need to plan along with RCT design
• PE objectives stated early in design
- Primary goal or secondary “ad-hoc”
- Pivotal Phase III vs Phase IV
• Multiple perspectives sometimes needed
• Resource use inside RCT artificial *
• QOL indicators may not be generalizeable
either…
Important PE criteria
2. Study design
• Sample sizes may need to be adjusted
• Clinical parameters may be insufficient
• QOL instruments selected
> General +/- Dx specific often used
- Respondent burden a consideration
Important PE criteria
3. Data Management
• Most RCT data collected from providers
• Some PE data needed from patients
> caregivers and / or parents
• Where to survey?
> office or at home?
> “team” answers
• Frequency
> baseline and final
> more frequently
• Methods for handling missing data
Important PE criteria
4. Analysis / Interpretation
• Pre-specified analysis vs post-hoc
• ITT vs per-protocol
• Confounding variables
• Sensitivity analyses
• Multi-national studies
> Can’t combine economic or HRQOL data
Important PE criteria
5. Reporting Results
• k.i.s.s.
• Summary results not individual Pts.
• Address dropouts and effects
• Sensitivity and robustness of findings
• Pre-specified vs ad-hoc
• ITT vs per-protocol
• Multi-national
Pharmacogenomics
Key Terms
• Pharmacogenetics
- How genetic differences influence Pt.
responses to Rxs
• Pharmacogenomics
- Applying genetic traits for Dxs and Rx
metabolism to Tx management
- Assembling a comprehensive list of SNPs
- SNPs predict Rx efficacy & toxicity
Why do we care?
• ADRs
~ 5th leading cause of death in the U.S.
~ 70K to 100K preventable deaths per year
~ 2 million hospitalizations per year
$1.6B to $4.2B annually to resolve
• Differential Rx efficacy
- 30% of schizophrenics non-responsive
- Interferon B only helps 1/3 of MS Pts
- Chemotherapy responses vary widely
Why do we care?
• PM (Poor Metabolizers)
• Prolonged Rx effects
• Toxic ADR
• UEM
• No Tx effects at normal doses
• Toxicity from excessive metabolites
Warfarin Pharmacogenomics
• Polymorphisms in
CYP2C9 influence
drug metabolism
• Polymorphisms in
VKORC1 affect
response
• Should genotype
testing be performed
to individualize
warfarin dosing?
How are costs of care affected?
• Increased • Decreased
• Increased • Decreased
OR
• Positives:
• More drugs may make it through
• Smaller sample sizes
• Faster & cheaper…
• Negatives
• Patients excluded from trials
• Results generalizeability
• New drugs with smaller potential markets
Implications