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Disposal methods
Cradle-to-grave approach
What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.
Wasting Resources
Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste Industrial solid waste
Raw materials
Products
Food/yard waste
Hazardous waste
Compost
Landfill
Incinerator
Fertilizer
First Priority
Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention
Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Use less of a harmful product
Second Priority
Second Pollution and Waste Prevention
Reuse Repair
Last Priority
Waste Management
Treat waste to reduce toxicity Incinerate waste
Recycle Reduce packaging and materials in products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Bury waste in landfills Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
Reuse
Recycle
Reuse
Reuse as a form of waste reduction Salvaging
Yard sales, flea markets, secondhand stores, auctions, newspaper ads Technology
Refillable containers and cloth bags
Recycling
Five major types of materials can be recycled Primary (closed-loop) recycling
Secondary recycling
Preconsumer (internal) and postconsumer (external) waste Feasibility and marketing
Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT)
Composting
Decomposing bacteria Household composting
Trade-offs: Recycling
Waste-to-energy Incinerator
Furnace Boiler
Wet scrubber
Trade-offs: Incineration
Leachates
Sanitary Landfill
When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building
Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity Leachate storage tank
Leachate pipes
Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Incineration
Trade-offs: Phytoremediation
Secure landfills
Bulk Gas Topsoil Plastic cover waste vent Earth Impervious Clay Sand impervious clay cap cap clay
Water table Earth Groundwater Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Leak detection system Reactive wastes in drums Groundwater monitoring well
Human activities
Coal burning, chemical plants, smelting, electronics
Mercury Cycle
WINDS
PRECIPITATION
Hg2+ and acids
WINDS
Hg and SO2
Human sources
Incinerator
Coalburning plant
Photochemical Elemental oxidation Inorganic mercury mercury and acids vapor (Hg2+) (Hg)
Deposition
Deposition
Deposition
Bacteria Elemental OxidationInorganic and acids Organic mercury mercury mercury liquid (Hg) (Hg2+) Bacteria (CH3Hg+) Settles Settles Settles out out out SEDIMENT Fig. 16-A, p. 394
Vaporization
International treaties
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Dirty dozen