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YELLOW FEVER

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Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease. It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South Click to edit Master subtitle style American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.
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History
Yellow fever has had an important role in the history of Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean.

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Europe: 541549
Fragile after the fall of Rome, Europe was further weakened by "Yellow Plague" (yellow fever). The Byzantine Empire suffered as well.

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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 1793

The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 killed as many as 2,000 people in Philadelphia, Pennsylvaniaroughly 10% of the population. The first family of Dolley Madison, who would later become First Lady of the United States during James Madison's administration, was heavily involved in this epidemic. Dolley and her eldest son, John Payne, contracted 4/23/12

New Orleans, Louisiana: 1853

7,849 citizens of New Orleans died in this, the largest epidemic in American history. The press and the medical professions did not alert citizens of the outbreak until the middle of July, after over thousand had already died. The reason for this silence was that the New Orleans business community feared that word of an 4/23/12

Haiti: 1802
In 1802, an army of forty thousand sent by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France to Haiti to suppress the Haitian Revolution was decimated by an epidemic of yellow fever (including the expedition's commander and Bonaparte's brotherin-law, Charles Leclerc). Some historians believe Haiti was to be a staging point for an 4/23/12

Norfolk, Virginia: 1855

A ship carrying persons infected with the virus arrived in Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia in June 1855. The disease spread quickly through the community, eventually killing over 3,000 people, mostly residents of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The Howard Association, a benevolent organization, was formed to help 4/23/12 coordinate assistance in the form of

Pathogenesis
Yellow fever is caused by an arbovirus of the family Flaviviridae, a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus.

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Human infection begins after

Simptomatology
Yellow fever is frequently severe but moderate cases may occur as the result of previous infection by another flavivirus. After infection the virus first replicates locally, followed by transportation to the rest of the body via the lymphatic system.Following systemic lymphatic infection the virus proceeds to establish itself throughout organ systems, including 4/23/12 the heart, kidneys, adrenal glands,

Treatment
There is no true cure for yellow fever, therefore vaccination is important. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive only. Fluid replacement, fighting
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Prevention

n 1937, Max Theiler,

working at the Rockefeller Foundation, developed a safe and highly efficacious vaccine for yellow fever that gives a ten-year or more immunity from the virus. The vaccine consists of a live, but attenuated, virus called 17D.
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Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor and scientist, first proposed proofs in 1881 that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.

Carlos Finlay and Walter Reed

Walter Reed, M.D., (1851-1902) was an American Army surgeon who led a team that confirmed Finlay's theory. This risky but fruitful research work was done with human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel such as Clara Maass and Walter Reed Medal winner surgeon Jesse William Lazear who allowed themselves to be deliberately infected and died of the virus. The acceptance of Finlay's work was 4/23/12 one of the most important and far-reaching