CAPTURE OF CO2 AT COAL POWER STATIONS

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THIRUSHKA T. GOVENDER
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OPERATE POWER PLANTS AT THE BEST EFFICIENCY

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS)

REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS

INVEST IN CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIE S THAT IMPROVE THE LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY IN COAL-FIRED POWER 4/23/12 PLANTS SUCH

Process based on capturing CO2 and storing in such a way that it does not enter the atmosphere different carbon-capture strategies are being investigated today :
o o o

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

Post-combustion capture Pre-combustion Capture Oxy-fuel combustion

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POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE

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PRECOMBUSTION CAPTURE

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OXY FUEL COMBUSTION

Combustion of Coal takes place in pure Oxygen the flue gas is mainly comprised of CO2 and water vapour (which may be cooled and condensed to remove the water ) so there is no separation problem plants require oxygen 4/23/12

Therefore

Such

Separation & recovery methods Absorption method Chemical absorption Physical absorption

Features

Chemical reaction using a CO2 absorbent Large amount of energy required

Absorbent used to physically remove CO2 CO2 released by depressurization

MembranePolymer Differences between gas speeds separation membrane of transmission through membrane Liquid Membrane holding a carrier membrane substance that selectively transmits CO2 Inorganic Transmission through 4/23/12 a porous

New Methods of CO2 Capture

Conventional

to use scrubbers to remove CO2 from exhaust gas which energy intensive & expensive lies in developing a method that can be inexpensively and easily retrofitted into existing power plants. new technology is being researched:

Challenge

Following

Zeolite Crystals Nanotechnology Membranes Bio CCS Algal Synthesis

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CRYSTALS TO CAPTURE CO2

Omar

Yaghi,a chemist at UCLA combined organic molecules and metal atoms to form highly porous crystals resembles industrial materials called zeolites

Structure

litre of UCLA crystals stores up to 80l of CO2 made of metal atoms bridged by one 4/23/12

They're

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 New

type of membrane internationally patented by researchers at the Norwegian University of Science & Technology in Trondheim made of plastic material , structured by means of nanotechnology CO2 while other waste gases allowed to pass freely based on nano-structured 4/23/12 materials are eco-friendly and will reduce the

Nanotechnology Membrane

Membrane

Catches

Membranes

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Bio CCS Algal Synthesis

CO2

and other gases in exhaust gas stream is injected into membranes containing waste water and select strains of algae algae ,together with sunlight/UV-light convert that CO2 and use it to reproduce to form an oil rich biomass that doubles in mass every 24hrs

The

Advantages Technology is entirely retrofittable to existing plants ,regardless of the composition of the exhaust gas stream 4/23/12

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CARBON STORAGE

If Carbon Capture is to be implemented- suitable means of storing the resultant gas must be found sequestered CO2 must remain isolated indefinitely if the capture and storage strategy is to be effective all sequestration sites must be monitored closely for decades or longer

The

Therefore

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FOUR STAGES OF CCS

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STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth

> 800m Cap Rock

Impermeable Porous Long

Rock (not Cavern)

term mineralisation

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CCS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Technology

SA

for CCS not currently practised in

South

Africa emits over 400 million tonnes of CO2 annually of which ~60% are capturable and therefore potentially available for CCS African CCS center (SACCSC) established in 2009 directed by Tony Surridge
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South

CCS TIME SCALE IN SA

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CO2 EMISSIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA

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ATLAS ON GEOGRAPHICAL STORAGE OF CO2 IN SA

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ATLAS SUMMARY
Potential

Storage (excluding Karoo)

150 Gt 98% offshore

Need

4 Gt to Store 40 Mt/year Further investigation :

Karoo under further investigation Zululand basin (UK Govt end Mar2011) Onshore Outinequa Basin (europe Aid start Feb 2011)

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DISADVANTAGES OF CCS
Major Cost

problem is gas leakages

of sequestration process is quite high at use of this method slows down

the moment
Excessive

search for cleaner sources of energy

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QUESTIONS ????

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4/23/12