OSI MODEL

THE PURPOSE OF THE MODEL

It breaks communication into smaller, simpler parts that are easier to develop. It facilitates standardization of network components to allow multiple vendor development and support It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other

It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layer so

that they can develop more quickly

Tasks involved in sending letter

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers

WORKING OF OSI MODEL

Physical Layer
Provides physical interface for transmission of information. Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a physical communication medium. Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural aspects for physical communication. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission

distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.

OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication over the physical layer interface.

Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the

received frames.

Create and detect frame boundaries.

Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and

retransmission scheme.

Implement flow control. Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast communication. Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.

Data Link Layer

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the network. Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from

the source to the destination

Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Handles congestion in the network. Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks (Internetworking). The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into

smaller packets to accommodate different media.

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for the exchange of data between two processes in different computers.

Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.

Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units.

Provides connectionless or connection oriented service.

Provides for the connection management.

Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue between the
two end systems. It defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications.

This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an end-users

request. Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by this layer.

Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection.

This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can be full duplex or half duplex. Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such that if a failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all data can be retransmitted from the last checkpoint.

Presentation Layer

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application programs and is the highest level of OSI model. Application layer contains management functions to support distributed applications.

Examples of application layer are applications such as file

transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.

Shortcomings of OSI Model

Just because someone says it is a model/standard does not mean you have to follow

All layers do not have the same size and importance

-session and presentation layers seldom present

-data link, network, and transport layers often very full

Little agreement on where to place various featuresEncryption,

network management Large number of layers increases overheads

 PDUs are relevant in relation to each of the first 4 layers of the OSI model as follows: The Layer 1 (Physical Layer) PDU is the bit The Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) PDU is the frame The Layer 3 (Network Layer) PDU is the packet The Layer 4 (Transport Layer) PDU is the segment (e.g. TCP segment)

UNIFIED VIEW OF LAYERS , PROTOCOLS, SERVICES

 A layer may impose a limit on size of data block that can be transferred due to implementation or due to other reasons. The layer n SDU may be too large to be handled as a single unit by layer (n-1) Sender side : SDU is segmented into multiple PDUs. Receiver side : SDU is reassembled from sequence of PDUs

 Multiplexing: sharing of n service by a multiple layer n+1 users

Multiplexing a tag or ID required in each PDU to determine which

user an SDU belongs to Eg port number in TCP/IP

TCP / IP ARCHITECTURE

TCP / IP ARCHITECTURE

ADDRESSING

Application Layer
the services that user applications use to communicate over the network, and it is the layer in which user-access network processes reside process user data, such as data encryption and decryption and compression and decompression. manages the sessions (connections) between cooperating applications. responsible for standardizing the presentation of data.

Transport Layer
It is responsible for end-to-end data integrity two most important protocols employed at this layer are the

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol

(UDP). TCP provides reliable, full-duplex connections and reliable service by

ensuring that data is resubmitted when transmission results in an

error (end-to-end error detection and correction). Also, TCP enables hosts to maintain multiple, simultaneous connections.

When error correction is not required, UDP provides unreliable

datagram service (connectionless) that enhances network throughput at the host-to-host transport layer

Internetwork Layer
the basic packet delivery service for all TCP/IP networks Define the datagram, which is the basic unit of transmission in the Internet

Move data between the Network Access Layer and the Host-toHost Transport Layer

Fragment and reassemble datagram

Network Access Layer

it is concerned with getting data across a specific type of physical network

encapsulating the IP datagram into frames that are

transmitted by the network maps the IP addresses to the physical addresses used by the network responsible for routing and must add its routing information

to the data