Differential Amplifiers

Two matched transistors form a

differential amplifier
input
0 V
-V
EE
+0.7 V
Constant
current
= I
1
+I
2

I
1
I
2

V
C1
=V
CC
-I
1
R
2
V
C2
=V
CC
-I
2
R
4

Transisterized
Differential Amplifier
Double ended
input - double
ended output
diff. amp:
v
out
=A (v
1
-v
2
)

v
1

v
2

v
out
-
+

Single ended
output
Non-
inverting
input
Inverting
input
Single Ended Differential Amplifier
(commonly used in op-amps)
Op Amp stages with pin-outs of IC741
2
4
7
6
3
Op amp Comparator
Open loop gain of op amp is defined as:
A
OL
= V
o
/ V
D

where V
D
= V
NI
V
INV

Open loop gain of op amp is very high
(ideally infinite).
Any small difference between V
NI
and V
INV

results into saturation of output voltage V
SAT


i.e. for V
NI
< V
INV
output is V
SAT
and
for V
NI
> V
INV
output is + V
SAT
Value of V
SAT
is limited by the supply voltage
of op amp
Op amp Voltage Level Detector
V
OUT

+
-
V
REF

V
IN

= +V
SAT
for V
IN
>V
REF
= -V
SAT
for V
IN
<V
REF

Important features of Op Amp
1. High open loop gain (ideally infinite)
which implies that even the smallest
difference between the two inputs
results into saturated output voltage
2. High input impedance (ideally infinite)
implies that there is no current
flowing into the input of an op amp


Virtual Ground
These two conditions give rise to VIRTUAL
GROUND, where the voltages at both the
inputs are maintained at exactly same level.
To achieve this condition, a feedback circuit
between the output and the inverting input
terminal of the op amp is necessary.
This results into many applications of op amp,
which qualify it to be OPERATIONAL:
adder, subtractor, multiplier, divider etc.

Op amp Applications
Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a
circuit of components integrated into one chip.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc
voltages and has an inverting(-) and a non-
inverting input (+) and an output.
An op amp is an electronic device which
provides a voltage output based on the voltage
input
Basic op-amp
Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals
and one output
Operational Amplifiers
Five important pins

2 The inverting input
3 The non-inverting input
6 The output
4 The negative power supply V
-
(-Vcc)
7 The positive power supply V
+
(+Vcc)
Operational Amplifiers

The output of the op amp is given by the following equation:



V
d
= E
1
E
2
and V
o
= A
VOL
(V
d
)



A
VOL
is called the open-loop voltage gain because it
is the gain of the op amp without any external feedback from
output to input
Operational Amplifiers
What do they really look like?
IC Circuit
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and
bandwidth, we know this is impossible.
However, op-amps do have:
very high gain
very high input impedance(Z
in
= )
very low output impedance (Z
out
= 0)
wide bandwidth.
Application in op-amp
There are 2 types of application in op-amp
Linear application
Non-linear application
Linear application is where the op-amp operate in linear
region:
Assumptions in linear application:
Input current, I
i
= 0
Input voltage: V
+
=V
-
Feedback at the inverting input
Non-linear application is where the op-amp operate in
non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages: positive input
voltages, V
+
and negative input voltage, V
-
where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
EE
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Application in op-amp
Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Unity Follower
Difference Amplifier
Integrators
Differentiators


Op-amp Circuit Application
Application: Inverting
amplifier
Provide a constant gain multiplier
Input signal is connected to the inverting input of
the op-amp. Therefore, the output signal is 180
degree out of phase from the input signal
R
f
is the feed-back resistor to control the voltage
gain of the op-amp
Summary of op-amp behavior
V
o
= A(V
+
- V

)
V
o
/A = V
+
- V

Let A infinity
then,
V
+
- V

0
V
+
= V


I
+
= I

= 0
Seems strange, but the input terminals to an
op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
Summary of op-amp
behavior
To analyze an op-amp circuit for linear
operation
Write node equations at + and - terminals
(I
i
=I
+
= I
-

= 0)
Set V
+
= V
-
Solve for V
o
Analysis of inverting amplifier
I
1
I
f
I
i

V
+
= 0 I
i
= 0
I
1
= I
f
+ I
i
V
s
V

R
1
=
V

V
o
R
f
V

= V
+
= 0
V
o
V
s
=
R
f
R
1
V
o
=
R
f
R
1
V
s
Application:Non-inverting
amplifier
Non-inverting configuration
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

=
+ =
= =

+
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
0
;
0
:
; 0
:
R
R
V V
R
V V
R
V
V V insert
R
V V
R
V
so
I while
I I I
KCL use
V V V
i o
o i i
i
o
i
i
i
Vi
I
1
I
2
I
i
Application: Summing
amplifier
Virtual-ground equivalent circuit.
Summing Amplifier
V
1

V
2

V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
This circuit is called
a weighted summer
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

= + + =

=
+ = + +
= =

+
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
; 0
:
; 0
:
0
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
V insert
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
so
I while
I I I I I
KCL use
V V
f o
f
o
f
o
i
Rf i R R R
Application: Unity Follower(Pengikut
Voltan)
1
V V
O
=
Exercise 1
Find V
O
?
Exercise 2
Find V
2
and V
3
?
Exercise 3
Find V
O
?
Exercise 4
Find V
O
?
Application:
Difference amplifier
) (
2 1
2
4
V V
R
R
V
O
=
4 3
2 1
R R
R R
=
=
Application:
Instrumentation Amplifier
2
R
Buffer
(Penimbal)
2
R
1
R
1
R
A
R
B
R
A
R
Difference amplifier
( )
1 2
1
2
2
1 V V
R
R
R
R
V
B
A
O

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
R
Application:Integrator
Feedback component = capacitor : Integrator
I I
C
}
=
+ =
+ =
dt t v
RC
t v
dt
t dv
C
R
t v
I I I
i o
i
C i
) (
1
) (
) (
0
) (
0
sC
1
C j
1
X
: impedance ce tan Capaci
C
=
e
=
Application:
Differentiation
dt
t dv
RC t v
R
t v V
dt
t dv
C
I I
i
o
o i
R C
) (
) (
) ( ) (
=

=
=

Non-linear application is where the op-amp operate in

non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages: positive input
voltages, V
+
and negative input voltage, V
-
where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
CC
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Recall: Non-linear application in op-amp
Non-linear application:
Comparator
Non-linear application:
Comparator
V
o
(V)
10
-5
t
V
S
(V)
t
Compare V
+
and V
-
V
+
=0
V
-
=V
S

When:
V
S
>0,V
+
>V
-
so V
o
=10V
V
S
<0,V
+
<V
-
so V
o
=-5V
(b) Output Voltage of Comparator
(a) Input Voltage of Comparator
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger
-
+
O
f
V
R R
R
V
+
=
+
1
1
Positive Feedback
V V
V t V V
and V V state initial with
V V V and R R assume
V
R R
R
V
S
o
EE CC f
O
f
5 . 7 ) 15 (
2
1
sin 10
15
15
1
1
1
= =
= =
=
= = =
+
=
+

+
e
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger
V
o
(V)
15
-15
t
V
S
(V)
t
7.5
-7.5
V
o
(V)
V
S
(V)
-7.5 7.5 -10 10
15
-15
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
(b) Input Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR)
It is the ability of an op amp to reject the
signal which is present at its both inputs
simultaneously i.e. the common mode
signal
CMRR = A
OL
/ A
CM
, where A
CM
is common
mode voltage gain defined by V
out
/ V
CM

Ideally CMRR is infinite
For IC 741 it is 90 dB
Slew Rate
Maximum rate of change of output
voltage (when typically a step voltage is
given at the input terminal)
Step
Input
V
out

t
dV
out
/ dt
Slew Rate (cont)
Slew rate is caused by the finite response
time of the circuit elements of an op amp
It limits the highest possible frequency of
operation
V
in

V
out
Expected
Voltage
t
Open Loop Gain
A
OL
is ideally infinite
In case of typical practical op amp like
IC 741 it is of the order of 10
5
i.e.
about 100 dB
Input Resistance
R
I
is ideally infinite
In case of IC 741 it is 2 M
Output Resistance
R
O
is ideally zero
In case of IC 741 it is 75
Input Offset Voltage
Small voltage needed to be applied
between INV and NI terminals to get
zero output voltage
Ideally it should be 0 V (CM operation)
Output Offset Voltage
Under common mode operation, output
voltage should be zero, but due to
mismatch is devices it is non-zero
(Can be corrected by applying voltage
between Pins 1 and 5 of IC 741)