Frequency Response

S-Domain Analysis Poles and Zeros

M
jj 1 :
N 40 : z1 7 3 jj + : z2 0 :
i 0 N .. : p1 3 3 jj : p3 7 :
j 0 N .. : p2 3 : p4 0 2 jj + :
e
i
10.1 i 0.4 + :
j
10.1 j 0.4 + :
f e w , ( )
e z1 + w jj + ( ) e z2 + w jj + ( ) [ ]
e w jj + p1 + ( ) e w jj + p2 + ( ) p3 w jj + e + ( ) e w jj + p4 + ( )
:
M
i j ,
f e
i

j
,
( )
:

Bode Plots

Example 7.2


Frequency Response
Exercise 7.1

The Amplifier Transfer Function
The Three Frequency Bands (AM, wl, wh, BW, GB)
The Gain Function A(s) and the Low-Frequency Response
A s ( ) A
M
F
L
s ( ) F
H
s ( )
A s ( ) AM
L
<
H
<
A
L
s ( ) A
M
F
L
s ( )
A
H
s ( ) A
M
F
H
s ( )

L

P1
2

P2
2
+ + + 2
Z1
2
+ 2
Z2
2

this relationship can be extended to any number of poles and zeros
one of the poles can be dominant and the expression is simplied

Low-Frequency Response

H
1
1

P1
2
1

P1
2
+ +
2

Z1
2
+
2

Z1
2
+

Using Short-Circuit and Open Circuit Times Constants
For the Approximate Determination of L and H
Open Circuit time Constants

H
1
i
C
i
R
io

Short Circuit time Constants

L
i
1
C
i
R
is

( )

Dominant Pole Exists

Example 7.5 - Study

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier
2 Second Quiz:

What is the value of Rin
on this circuit?

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier
Using the voltage divider rule cwe can find Vg
V
g
s ( ) V
i
s ( )
Rin
Rin R +
1
s C
C1

V
g
s ( )
V
i
s ( )
Rin
Rin R +
s
1
C
C1
Rin R + ( )

P1
1
C
C1
Rin R + ( )

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier
Next
Id s ( ) I s ( )
V
g
s ( )
1
g
m
Z
s
+
Id s ( ) g
m
V
g
s ( )
Y
S
g
m
Y
S
+

Y
S
1
Z
S
1
R
S
s C
S
+
Id s ( ) g
m
V
g
s ( )
s
1
C
S
R
S

+
s
g
m
1
R
S
+

,
C
S
+

Z
1
C
S
R
S

P2
g
m
1
R
S
+
C
S
1
C
S
Rs
1
g
m

R
S
1
g
m
+

,
C
S
introduces a zero at
Z
S
at infinite, which means Vo zero

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier
r
o
R
D
>
approximation is valid
after Thevenin's theorem and some manipulation
V
o
s ( ) I
d
s ( ) Parallel R
D
r
o
, R
L
,
( ) ( )

s
s
1
C
C2
R
L
R
D
r
o

R
D
r
o
+

,
+

1
1
]
+

P3
1
C
C2
R
L
R
D
r
o

R
D
r
o
+

,
+

1
1
]

C
C2
introduces a zero at zero freq.
and a real pole a
W
P3

A
L
s ( )
V
o
s ( )
V
i
s ( )
A
M
s
s
P1
+
( )

s
Z
+
s
P2
+
( )

s
s
P3
+
( )

A
M
R
in

R
in
R +
g
m
Parallel R
D
r
o
, R
L
,
( )

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier
Design of the Coupling Cc1 and Cc2
and Bypass Capacitors Cs
To place the lower 3-db frequency wl at the specified value.

Example 7.6

Exercise 7.7
The frequency of the zero is given by eq. 7.37

Z
1
C
S
R
S

C
S
The frequency of the pole is given by eq. 7.38

p
g
m
1
R
S
+
C
S
g
m

Exercise 7.8

Exercise 7.9

Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier

Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier

Exercise 7.9

Exercise 7.10

Exercise 7.11

A MOSFET common-source amplifier (a), and a BJT common-emitter amplifier (b). here, V
s
and R
s
represent the
Thvenin equivalent of the circuit at the input side, including the output circuit of the preceding amplifier stage (if
any) and the bias network of the transistor Q (if any). Similarly, R
L
represents the total resistance between the drain
(the collector) and signal ground. Although signal ground at the source (emitter) is shown established by a large
capacitor, this is not necessary, and the circuits can be used to represent, for instance, the differential half-circuit of a
differential pair.

Millers Theorem
An admittance Y (Y=1/Z) is connected between the two nodes and these nodes are also connected to other
nodes in the network. Millers theorem provides a way for replacing the bridging admittance Y with
two admittances Y1 and Y2 between node 1 and ground, and node 2 and ground.
The relationship between V
2
and V
1
is given by K=V
2
/V
1
To find Y
1
and Y
2

Y
V
1
V
2
Y
1
V
1
V
2
Y
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
I
2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )
( )
( ) K Y Y
V Y I
K YV I
V V YV V V Y I

1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 2 1 2 1 1
( ) ( )
( )
( ) K Y Y
V Y I
K YV I
V V YV V V Y I
1 1
1 1
1
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 2

R
s
C
gd
(1+g
m
R
L
')
C
gs
g
m
v
gs
v
gs
R
L
' v
o
v
i
C
gd
[1+1/(g
m
R
L
')]
~= C
gd
C
T
( ) [ ]
s T s L m gd gs
H
R C R R g C C
1
' 1
1

+ +

CS Amplifier High Frequency Response

CE Amplifier High Frequency Response

Differential Pair
We have seen that a symmetric differential amplifier can be
analyzed with a differential half circuit. This still holds true for
high-frequency small-signal analysis.
R
D
R
D
I
v
out
+v
d
/2
-v
d
/2
R
s
R
s
R
s
C
gs
g
m
v
gs
C
db
C
gd
v
out
v
d
/2 R
D

Variation of the CMRR with High-Frequency
The CMRR of a differential pair
degrades at high frequency
due to a number of factors.
The most important is the
increase in CM gain with
frequency due to
capacitances.
(log scale)

P
(log scale)
(log scale)
CMRR (dB)
|A
d
| (dB)
|A
cm
| (dB)
-20dB/dec
-40dB/dec