STOICHIOMETRY

The poorest man is not he who is without a cent, but he who is without a dream

STOICHIOMETRY

deals with the quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions ATOMIC MASSES based on the assignment : 12.0000 amu amu atomic mass units C=

12

MOLE one mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions or formula units 6.022 x 1023 is the Avogadros number

FORMULA MASS

Sum of all the atomic masses in a chemical entity; expressed in amu MOLAR MASS Also traditionally termed as molecular weight; expressed in grams/mole The formula mass and molar mass are numerically equal. Compound Formula Mass Molar mass H2 2(1.008) = 2.016 amu 2.016 g/mol CH4 12.01 + 4(1.008) = 16.042 amu 16.042 g/mol

1 mole of H2 1 mole of O

2.016 g of H2 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2 16.99 g of O 6.02 x 1023 atoms of O

How many molecules of H2 are present in 25.0 g of H2 25.0 g H2 x 1 mol H2 x 6.02 x 1023molecules of H2 2.016 g H2 1 mol of H2 = 7.46 x 1024 molecules of H2

PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS

% by mass of each element in a compound The % by mass of each element in a given compound will always be the same. % mass = mass of the element in 1 mole of the x 100 cpd mass of one mole of the compound What are the mass % C and %H in C2H5OH? Molar mass of C2H5OH = 2 (12.01) + 6 (1.008) + 16.00 = 46.068 g/mol x 100 = 52.24% % C = 2 (12.01) g C 46.068 g of C2H5OH % H= 6 (1.008) g H 46.068 g of C2H5OH x 100 = 13.13%

EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Simplest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound. MOLECULAR FORMULA True formula of the compound Compound formula glucose water table salt benzene True formula Empirical C6H12O6 H2O NaCl C6H6 CH2O H2O NaCl CH

1. What are the molar masses of the ff: CCl4, C6H12O6, MgSO4 ? 2. Calculate for the number of moles of H2O, the number of molecules of H2O and the number of O atoms in 25.5 g of H2O. 3. Ascorbic acid contains 40.92%C, 4.58%H, and 54.50%O by mass. What is empirical formula of ascorbic acid? EF = C3H4O3 4. A sample of caffeine contains 0.624gC, 0.065gH, 0.364gN, 0.208gO. What is the empirical formula of caffeine? The molar mass of caffeine is 194.0g. What is its molecular formula?

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BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

The kind and number of elements on the reactant side should be equal to the kind and number of atoms on the product side. Subscripts of the elements in a given compound can not be changed. Simplest whole number coefficients should be used as much as possible. Balance the reaction :
N2 + H2 NH3 N2+ 3H2 2NH3 Reactant side : 2N, 6H Product side : 2N, 6H

STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS involving

chemical equations

Steps:

Balance the given reaction. Convert known masses of substance to moles. Set-up appropriate mole ratios according to the balanced equation. Calculate the number of moles of the desired reactant or product. Calculate from moles to grams, molecules or desired quantity.

balance reaction

moles of given

apply mole ratio apply mole ratio

Mass or molecules or volume

Moles of desired quantity

Calculate the mass of water, the number of molecules and the volume (at STP) of carbon dioxide produced when 50.25 g of CH4 undergoes combustion.
Balanced reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O Mole ratio : 1 CH4: 2O2:1CO2:2H2O Molar masses: CH4 = 16.042 g/mol , H2O = 18.006 g/mol Moles of CH4 = 50.25 g CH4 x 1 mole of CH4 = 3.132 moles 16.042 g of CH4

Mass of H2O = 3.132 mol CH4 x 2 mol H2O x 18.006 g H2O 1 mol CH4 = 112.8 g H2O Molecules of CO2= 3.132 mol CH4 x 1mol CO2 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules 1 mol CH4 = 1.886 x 1024 molecules of CO2 One mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L at STP mol CH4= mol CO2= 3.132 3.132 mol CO2 x 22.4 L CO2 = 70.16 L of CO2 mol CO2 mol CO2 mol H2O

LIMITING REACTANTS
Reactant/reagent completely used up in the reaction

LR

+
excess reactant

Test yourself!
Calculate for the mass of H2O and the number of molecules of H2O that can be obtained when 20.75 g of H2 reacts with excess O2. (186.75 g; 6.25 x 1024 molecules) H2 + O2 H2O (unbalanced)

THERMODYNAMICS

Deals with energy changes and its flow from one system to another Explains why reactions occur The universe is made up of system (reaction vessel) and surroundings.

matter

SYSTEM

energy

SURROUNDINGS

THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS
Internal energy, E Enthalpy, H Entropy, S Gibbs Free energy, G E, H, S and G are state functions State function Depends only on the final state of the system and not on the path taken by the system.

THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS
INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY
A change which lowers the energy of a system tends to occur spontaneously. E = Efinal Einitial = q + w Q is the heat: absorbed (+) or evolved (-) W is the work : done by the system (-), on the system (+) W = - PV ; V = Vfinal Vinitial Since PV = nRT for gases W = nRT ; n = nproducts- nreactants H = Hproducts Hreactants = E + P V = qp

THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS
ENTROPY, S
Degree of disorder of a system S = Sfinal Sinitial Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas Spontaneous reactions tend to go towards maximum disorder.

Choose the substance with the higher entropy: Solid CO2(dry ice) and gaseous CO2 Predict the sign of the entropy change : Sugar is added to a warm cup of coffee. Melting of ice cubes at 50C and 1 atm Spreading of the fragrance of perfume through a room Separation of N2 and O2 molecules in air from each other The reaction of Na metal with Cl2 gas to form sodium chloride Mending a broken clock Alignment of Fe filings in a magnetic field Iodine vapor condenses on a cold surface to form

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GIBBS FREE ENERGY

G = H - TS G < 0 reaction is spontaneous G > 0 reaction is nonspontaneous GG = H - TS = 0 reaction is at equilibrium + + spontaneous at high T + T + spontaneous at low T spontaneous at all T non-spontaneous at all

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

FIRST LAW Energy of the universe is constant. SECOND LAW The tendency of a system is to go towards maximum disorder. THIRD LAW The entropy of a perfectly crystalline solid is zero at 0 K.

RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

COLLISION THEORY
Reactants must collide to form products. Colliding units must be properly oriented Colliding units must have sufficient energy to react. Effective collisions make reactions possible.

ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea) - Minimum energy

that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction.

TRANSITION STATE (T.S.)

A structure which shows bond breaking and bond formation Corresponds to the highest energy

A----B

(T.S.)

E
A+B *

Ea *** **

* A B

Reaction progress

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS The more reactants present, the more frequent collisions, the faster is the reaction. SURFACE AREA The greater the surface area exposed, the faster the reaction. TEMPERATURE The higher the T, the faster the reaction. CATALYST Accelerates a reaction by providing a pathway of lower activation energy. Not used up in the reaction. Maybe of the same phase or different phase as the reactants.

Explain the following: 1. Sawdust burn faster than logs. 2. Forcing more air through a blower cause faster rate of burning. 3. Esteros emit a more pungent odor during the summer months. 4. Insects are cold-blooded creatures. They begin to move slowly as the days become cooler. 5. We freeze food to avoid spoiling. 6. When we want to cook more rapidly, we turn up the heat. 7. Ones skin becomes tanned more rapidly in the summer than during the cold weather. 8. Steel wool burns with difficulty in air but burst into a brilliant white flame in pure oxygen. 9. Medicine in the form of tablet dissolves in the stomach and enters the blood stream more slowly than the same medicine in the form of a fine powder. 10. In January 1967, 3 astronauts died in a flash fire that swept through the O2 filled Apollo spacecraft during a training exercise at Cape Kennedy.

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