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Cisco
Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications. Explain the function of protocols in network communications. Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality. Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.
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Elements of Communication
All methods of communication have three things in common. There is source for the message or a sender. There is a destination for the message or a receiver. There is a channel that consists of the media that provides the pathway for the message.
ABC
Receiver
Sender Channel
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco
Elements of Communication
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In theory, a network communication could be sent as one continuous stream of 1s and 0s. No other device would be able to send or receive messages on the same network.
Significant delays Inefficient use of the channel A lost message entirely retransmitted.
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A better approach is called Segmentation. The data stream is divided into smaller, more manageable segments. Segmentation has two benefits:
Multiplexing: Different transmissions can be interleaved on the network. Reliability Pieces can travel different ways, avoiding congestions If a piece fails, just resend the failed or missing parts
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Network Components
HARDWARE
Media
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services
devices media
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End Devices
End devices form interface with human network & communications network Role of end devices (a.k.a. hosts): client, server, or both
client - request and display the information obtained from the server server - provide information and services (E-mail, Web Pages) to other hosts on the network
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PC
VOIP Phones
Mobile Phones
Security Cameras
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Intermediary Device
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Intermediary Device
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Intermediary Device
Examples: - Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) - Internetworking Devices (routers) - Communication Servers and Modems - Security Devices (firewalls)
Switches
Routers
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Network Media
Wireless transmission
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Network Media
The signal encoding that must occur is different for each type of media. Electrical
impulses with specific patterns
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Different network media have different features and benefits. Not all network media are appropriate for the same purpose. Criteria for choosing a network media are: The distance the media can successfully carry a signal. The environment in which the media is to be installed. The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted. The cost of the media and installation
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Network Types
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- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Internetwork
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Network Representations
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Network Representations
Network Interface Card (NIC): Provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device.
Physical Port: A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host or other networking device.
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Network Representations
Interface:
Because routers are used to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to as network interfaces.
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Protocols:
How and when error and system messages are passed between devices.
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Protocol Suites
Protocol Suite:
A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function. Cannot function without a set of standards that network vendors can follow. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Develops standards in telecommunications, information technology and power generation. Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet standards, RFCs (Request for Comments) Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP
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Protocol Suites
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The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level service depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels. The lower layers of the stack are concerned with
moving data over the network and providing services to the upper layers the content of the message being sent and the user interface.
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Layer 2
Layer 1
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Layered
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This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality.
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A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it. Benefits of using a layered model assists in protocol design fosters competition changes in one layer do not affect other layers provides a common language
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Layered Models
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A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The hierarchical set of related protocols in a suite typically represents all the functionality required to interface the human network with the data network.
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Reference Model: Provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services. Not intended to be an implementation specification. Primary purpose is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and process involved.
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A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite.
A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services.
OSI
TCP/IP
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As application data is passed down the protocol stack, various protocols add information to it at each level. This is commonly known as the encapsulation process. The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). During encapsulation, the lower layer encapsulates the PDU that it receives from the layer above in accordance with the protocol being used.
At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new appearance. Data Application Layer PDU Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
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001010011101100101000001111101010001010 1
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001010011101100101000001111101010001010 1
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the entire TCP segment is encapsulated within an IP packet, which the IP packet is to bits the Network Access layer Ethernet protocol adds Change sent to another label, called thewithin a frame header and trailer. where it is encapsulated IP header. data is broken into TCP segments. Each TCP segment is given a label, called a header
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Start
data is broken into TCP segments. Each TCP segment is given a label, called a header
the entire TCP segment is encapsulated within an IP packet, which adds another label, called the IP header.
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the IP packet is sent to the Network Access layer Ethernet protocol where it is encapsulated within a frame header and trailer.
Change to bits
This process is reversed at the receiving host. The data is decapsulated as it moves up the stack toward the end user application.
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OSI Model
Standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support. Allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other. It is a descriptive scheme.
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OSI Model
Usually referenced by layer number Layers 7 Application 6 Presentation These two layers are not commonly referred to in most instances. 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
All People Seem To Need Data Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do
Processing Please
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OSI Model
Layers 7 Application Primary concern: Communications between applications 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network Primary concern: Moving raw data cross the network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
All People Seem To Need Data Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do
Processing Please
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OSI Model
OSI Model Layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical (Usually referred to as the Upper Layers) Source and Destination: Process Address Source and Destination: Logical Network Address Source and Destination: Device Physical Address Timing and Synchronization Bits Addressing Encoded Application Data
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There are various types of addresses that must be included to successfully deliver the data from a source application running on one host to the correct destination application running on another Using the OSI model as a guide, figure shows the different addresses and identifiers that are necessary at each layer.
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Encoded Data
Header Data
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The host physical address, is contained in the header of the Layer 2 PDU, called a frame. Layer 2 is concerned with the delivery of messages on a single local network. The Layer 2 address is unique on the local network and represents the address of the end device on the physical media. In a LAN using Ethernet, this address is called the Media Access Control (MAC) address. When two end devices communicate on the local Ethernet network, the frames that are exchanged between them contain the destination and source MAC addresses. Once a frame is successfully received by the destination host, the Layer 2 address information is removed as the data is decapsulated and moved up the protocol stack to Layer 3.
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Layer 3 protocols are primarily designed to move data from one local network to another local network within an internetwork. Layer 3 addresses must include identifiers that enable intermediary network devices to locate hosts on different networks At the boundary of each local network, an intermediary network device, usually a router, decapsulates the frame to read the destination host address contained in the header of the packet, the Layer 3 PDU Routers use the network identifier portion of this address to determine which path to use to reach the destination host.
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Delivery on a single local network. Unique on the network and represents the device. Codes placed on the NIC by the manufacturer. Referred to as the physical address or the MAC address.
Data Trailer
Header
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Data
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Move data from one local network to another local network. Addresses must identify both the network and the host on that network. Used by routers to determine the best path to the destination host.
Header Data
4. 3. 2. 1.
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Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Address Address Address Address
Layer 3 Header
Data
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Identifies the specific process or service running on the destination host that will act on the data. Multiple, simultaneous applications.
Data
Header
Process
Under TCP/IP, a port number to identify the application. Port 80: HTTP (Web Browser) Port 25: SMTP (Email) Port 194: IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
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Destination Source Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Process Process Address Address Address Address Address Address
Layer 3 Header
Data
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MAC
Logical
Port MAC
Destination Source Destination Source Destination Source MAC MAC Logical Logical Process Process Address Address Address Address Address Address
Data
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Device
TCP/IP Model
Character
Application
Transport Internet
Network Access
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Summary
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