ATM PRESENTATION

Diapositive 1

Plan

ATM Overview Physical Layer ATM Layer

VP and VC switching Other ATM Functions Traffic Management

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Signalling

Diapositive 2

ATM Overview

ATM is connection-oriented ATM is packet based ATM uses fixed-length packets (cells) The header functionality is limited to reduce overhead ATM carries a wide variety of applications which translates in a complex mix of traffic characteristics and QoS requirements

Diapositive 3

ATM Overview

Header (5 bytes)

Payload (48 bytes)

US wanted 69 bytes fixed packet length : 64 bytes for the payload and 5 bytes for the header Europe wanted 36 bytes fixed packet length : 32 bytes for the payload and 4 bytes for the header

Standardized packet length : 53 bytes

48 bytes for the payload [ (64+32) / 2 = 48 ] 5 bytes for the header

Diapositive 4

ATM Network Model

ATM EndSystem

ATM Switch

ATM Switch

ATM Switch

ATM EndSystem

Higher Layers (IP, etc) AAL

Higher Layers (IP, etc) AAL ATM Layer Physical Physical ATM Layer Physical Physical ATM Layer Physical Physical

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

ATM Network

Diapositive 5

ATM End-system Layer functions

Upper layers (IP, FrameRelay, Voice, etc)
Variable Packets length Variable Packets length

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

Segmentation And Reassembly Message identification Clock recovery Flow control QoS Traffic management F4 and F5 management

ATM Layer

Cells

Cells

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer

Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery

Frames/cells

Frames/cells

Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access

Diapositive 6

ATM switch Layer functions

Upper layers (IP, ATM signalling)
Variable Packets length Variable Packets length

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

Segmentation And Reassembly Message identification Clock recovery VPI/VCI Header Translation Flow Control QoS Traffic management F4 and F5 management

ATM Layer

Cells

Cells

Cells

Cells

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer

Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery

Frames/cells

Frames/cells

Frames/cells

Frames/cells

Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access

Diapositive 7

ATM Adaptation Layer - Segmentation And Reassembling

Upper Layer
Variable length packet Variable length packet

CRC

CRC

AAL

Segmentation

Reassembling
48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes

ATM Layer

Diapositive 8

AAL Types
Constant Bit Rate Applications (CES, VTOA) Compressed Low Bandwidth Applications

Data Applications (IP)

AAL Type 1

AAL Type 2

AAL Type 5

VPI=0/VCI=112 VPI=1

VPI=0/VCI=55

VPI=0/VCI=32

VPI=1/VCI=78

VPI=0/VCI=98

ATM Layer

VC Multiplexing VPI=0

VP Multiplexing

Physical Path

VPI=1/VCI=99

Diapositive 9

ATM interfaces

ATM Network
ATM Switch ATM Switch

ATM EndSystem

UNI

NNI

UNI

ATM EndSystem

NNI

NNI

ATM Switch

User-Network Interface (UNI) : connects an ATM end-system device to an ATM switch Network-Network Interface (NNI) : connects two ATM switches.

Diapositive 10

ATM connexion topologies

Point-to-Point : bidirectional assymetrical bandwidth

N Mbits/s

N Mbits/s

M Mbits/s

M Mbits/s

Point-to-Multipoint : unidirectional assymetrical bandwidth

N Mbits/s

N Mbits/s

N Mbits/s

0 Mbits/s
N Mbits/s

Diapositive 11

ATM cell format

At the NNI Interface (between two switches)
Cell header (5 bytes) 12 bits Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) 16 bits Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) 4 bits 8 bits Header Error Control (HEC) Cell payload (48 bytes)

At the UNI Interface :

4 bits
GFC

8 bits

16 bits Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)

4 bits

8 bits Header Error Control (HEC)

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)

Payload Type (3 bits) CLP

0 = High Priority 1 = Low Priority
Used by the AAL 5

GFC = Generic Flow Control

CLP = Cell Loss Priority

EFCI bit

0 = Congestion experienced 1 = Congestion not experienced 0 = User data cell 1 = F5 OAM cell

Diapositive 12

Structure of an ATM physical path

ATM Switch
ATM Switch

(VCI=32)

(VCI=32)

VP (VCI=55) (VPI=0)
(VCI=70)

VP (VPI=0)

(VCI=55) (VCI=70)

(VCI=32)

VP (VCI=55) (VPI=3)

Transmission path (Physical Circuit)

(VCI=32)

VP (VPI=3)

(VCI=55)

(VCI=77)

(VCI=77)

VP (VPI=5)

VP (VPI=5)

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User-Network Interface

Up to 16 777 216 virtual channels

256 VPs (Virtual Path)

65 536 VCs (Virtual Channel per Virtual Path)

Dedicated Virtual Channels

Signalling Channel (VPI=0/VCI=5) End-to-End VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=3) Segment VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=4) VP resource management (VPI=x/VCI=6)

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Network-Node Interface

Up to 268 435 456 virtual channels

4096 VPs (Virtual Path)

65 536 VCs (Virtual Channel per Virtual Path)

Dedicated Virtual Channels

Signalling Channel (VPI=0/VCI=5) End-to-End VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=3) Segment VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=4) VP resource management (VPI=x/VCI=6)

Diapositive 15

Virtual Path (VP) switching (1)

Input

Output

Port VPI
A

Port VPI
E

A
B

0 35 0 8

F
D

18 5 5 0

35

Port A Port B Port C

Port D Port E Port F

18

18

A VP switch analyzes only the VPI field of each incoming cell header

Diapositive 16

VP Switching (2)

ATM VP Switch

VPI=0
Port A VPI=35

VPI=0

Port D

VPI=0 Port B VPI=0 VPI=18 Port E

Port C

VPI=8

VPI=5

Port F

Diapositive 17

Virtual Channel (VC) Switching (1)

Input

Output

Port VPI
A

VCI VPI VPI 39 32 45 88 99

F

VCI
55 60 100 61 155

A
B

0 0 3 2 5

E
D

1 7 0 7 0

C C

E D

32 0

39 0

39 0

Port A Port B

Port D
Port E Port F

100 3

155 0

155 0

45 3

60 7

61 7

99 5

2 88

99 5

Port C

55 1

55 1

38 1

A VC switch analyzes the VPI and VCI fields of each incoming cell header

Diapositive 18

VC Switching (2)

VC Switch

VCI=39 VPI=0 Port A VCI=32

VCI=100 VCI=15 5 VPI=0 Port D

VCI=45 Port B VPI=3

VCI=60

VPI=7
VCI=61 VCI=88

Port E

VPI=2 Port C VPI=5 VCI=99

VCI=65 VPI=1

Port F

VP Switch

Diapositive 19

ATM Connections - VP level

Virtual Path Connection (VPC)

Virtual Path Link (VPL) #1

Virtual Path Link (VPL) #2

Virtual Path Link (VPL) #3

Virtual Path Link (VPL) #4

VPI=0
VP Switch

VPI=3
VP Switch

VPI=10
VP Switch

VPI=2

VCI=32 VCI=95 VCI=100

Virtual Path Connection (VPC)

VP Connection (VPC) = concatenation of multiple VP links (VPLs)

Diapositive 20

ATM Connections - VC level

Virtual Channel Connection (VCC)

Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #1

Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #2

Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #3

Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #4

VCI=55

VPI=0

VCI=55

VCI=100

VPI=1

VCI=100

VCI=96

VPI=10

VCI=96

VCI=320

VPI=0

VCI=320

VC Switch

VC Switch

VC Switch

VC connection (VCC) = concatenation of multiple VC links (VCLs) Endpoints of a VCC = AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer)

Diapositive 21

Traffic Contract

Traffic contract of a connection includes :

Service category

CBR (Constant Bit Rate)

VBR (Variable Bit Rate)

UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate) Peak Cell Rate (PCR) Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR) Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) Cell Delay Variation (CDV)

Traffic Descriptor (one traffic descriptor for each direction of the connection) :

QoS requirement

Diapositive 22

More on ATM Layer functions

CAC UPC

Selective cell discard

Selective packet discard

Traffic Shaping and scheduling

Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)

Diapositive 23

Connection Admission Control (CAC)

Connection Establishment request

Connection Traffic Descriptor

CAC ?

No OK

Call Rejected Allocate resources for the connection

The Connection Admission Control (CAC) is defined by the ITU-T as a set of actions that are done by the network during the call establishment phase (or during a call renegociation phase) in order to determine if a connection can be accepted WITHOUT affecting the QoS of connections already established. The CAC uses : - Connection Traffic Descriptor - Requested QoS class

Parameters for UPC

to allocate resources and to derive parameter values for the operation of the UPC.

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UPC (Usage Parameter Control)

Incoming cell Connection Traffic Descriptor
No Yes

VP Physical Path VP

Compliant ?

UPC
Physical Path VP VP

Header Translation

Shaping Scheduling

CLP=1 ?

Congestion ?

Yes

Set CLP=1 Pass the cell Discard the cell

For each incoming cell, performs the following actions :

check the validity of a VPI/VCI

monitor cells of a connection to determine whether they conform to the traffic descriptors tag (to CLP=1), discard or pass the non-conforming cells

Operates in a timely manner without affecting the cell flow

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Selective cell discard (Priority Control)

Priority control (also known as selective cell discard) is a mechanism by which network elements selectively discard cells with CLP=1 in order to guarantee a lows CLR to the CLP=0 cells. For each VC connection, the user may generate different priority cells by using the Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit. CLP=0 cells are guaranteed a low CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) that CLP=1 cells.

Diapositive 26

Selective Packet Discard

Applies to AAL 5 cell streams For each VC connection, the user may generate different priority cells by using the Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit. CLP=0 cells are guaranteed a low CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) that CLP=1 cells.
Diapositive 27

Traffic shaping and scheduling

Traffic shaping and scheduling

Traffic shaping mechanisms are used to achieve a desired modification of the traffic characteristics. Trafic shaping allows to increase of the efficiency of the ressource allocation by introducing more deterministic trafic pattern and reduce the burstiness.

Diapositive 28

Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)

Congested link

EFCI Setting

Feedback

When a network element is in a congested state, it sets the EFCI bit in the header of the cells going through the congested path. Usage of EFCI bit by the ATM end-systems and higher layer protocols is under study.

Diapositive 29

F4 and F5 Operations And Maintenance (OAM)

User cells

User cells

VC Level

F5 OAM cells insertion

F5 OAM cells extraction

ATM Layer

End-to-End F4 OAM cells insertion

End-to-End F4 OAM cells extraction Segment F4 OAM cells extraction

VP Level

Segment F4 OAM cells insertion

VP (Tx)

VP (Rx) Physical Path

Diapositive 30

Physical Layer functions

ATM Layer
Cells
Cells

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer

Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery

Frames/cells Frames/cells

Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access

Diapositive 31

Cell Rate Decoupling

Assigned Cell

ATM Layer
Unassigned Cell

Valid Cell

Invalid Cell

Invalid Cell

Transmission Convergence Sub-Layer

Idle Cell

Idle Cell

Frames/cells

Frames/cells

Diapositive 32

Building of the switching table

Manually (PVC) through a System Management Dynamically (SVC) through Signalling

Diapositive 33

Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC)

Network Management System

(VPI, VCI)

(Input port, VPI, VCI) (Outport port VPI ,VCI )

(Input port, VPI , VCI ) (Outport port VPI ,VCI )

(VPI , VCI )

VPI/VCI

VPI /VCI

VPI /VCI

Diapositive 34

Switched Virtual Connections (SVC)

VPI/VCI
VPI /VCI VPI /VCI

Application

UNI Signalling

UNI Signalling

NNI Signalling

NNI Signalling

UNI Signalling

UNI Signalling

Application

AAL 5

AAL 5

AAL 5

AAL 5

ATM Layer VCI=5 Physical Path VCI=5

ATM Layer VCI=5 Physical Path VCI=5

ATM Layer VCI=5 VCI=5 Physical Path

ATM Layer

Diapositive 35

UTOPIA
Stands for Universal Test and Operations Physical Interface for ATM
Provides a standardized interface between the physical and ATM layers
ATM Layer

ATM Layer

UTOPIA Level II UTOPIA Level I

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer

8 bits wide data path operates at up 25 Mhz date rate up to 155 Mbits supports 1 physical layer

16 bits wide data path operates at 25, 33 or 55 Mhz date rate up to 622 Mbits supports multiple physical layers

Diapositive 36