Bacterial Reproduction

Reproductive processed Binary Fission Budding Sporulation Exchange of genetic information Growth of bacterial populations

Binary Fission

Binary Fisson
Is a method of asexual reproduction at where the cell is grows in volume until it divide in half. Product = Two genetically identical bacterial cells.

The daughter can continue to grow at the same rate with its parents.

The process in Binary Fission

Replication of bacterial chromosomes. The cell division takes place after the completion of DNA replication. Cell wall and membrane grows inwards separating the DNA molecules. Septum formed : continued growth of cell wall and cytoplasm. Two daughter cells formed.

The septum formed.

Bacillus subtillus is an example of gram-positive bacteria.

The septum formed.

Streptococcus bacteria is an example of grampositive bacteria.

The plasma membrane curved inwards. E. Coli is an example of gram-negative bacteria.

Budding

Budding
A formation of new generation = by the formation of the small bud at one end of the mother cell or filament called prosthecae. The new organism remain attached at the mother cells as it grows.

It will separates when it is matured.

Products = The daughter cell is genetically with its mother.

What is prosthecae?

Appendages that are part of the wall in bacteria in the genus Caulobacter.

Example of Budding in Bacteria.

Budding in yeast.

Differences of Fission and Budding.

Sporulation

Sporulation
Responsible to nutritional deficiency and adverse conditions Able to produce stable dormant

Types of dormant

Endospores

Cysts

Endospores
- a dormant, tough and temporarily non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria. - spores or seedlike form but not truly spores.

aerobic rod Bacillus

microaerophillic rod Sporolactobacillus

Types of Bacteria

coccus Sporosarcina

filamentous Thermoactinomyces

Formation of Endospores

Function of Spore Coat

Resist lethal effect of :

Heat
Dessication
Chemical and Radiation

Freezing

Cysts
- thick- walled structures produced by dormant of certain bacteria. - less strength than endospore.

Azotobacter

Bdellovibrio (bdellocysts)

TYPES OF BACTERIAS

Myxococcus (myxospores)

Formation of cyst
Nitrogenfixation Azotobacter Filamentous actinomycetes

Cell divided
Formation of thick, multilayered and coat surround the resting cell.

Conidiosporeschains of multiple spores form on aerial/ substrate mycelia Sporangiosporesform specialized sac (sporongia)

Exchange of Genetic Material in Bacteria

Exchange of Genetic Information in Bacteria

Transformation

Mechanism

Conjugation

Transduction

Transformation
Bacteria take up free fragments of DNA that are floating in the medium.

To take up DNA efficiently bacteria cell must be in competent state.

What is competent state?

Ability of bacteria to bind to the DNA naturally.

Transformation mechanism is popular in recombinant technology.

Method in gene cloning

1. ISOLATION 2. CLEAVE/ CUT 3. INSERTION 4. TRANSFORMATION AND AMPLIFICATION 5. SCREENING

Transduction
The transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another by means of a bacteria infecting virus called as bacteriophage. More efficient because DNA enclosed in the bacteriaphage is protected from physical decay. DNA injected directly into the cell by the bacteriophage. This mechanism is limited because bacteriophage are usually highly restricted in the range of bacteria species that they can infect.

Conjugation
The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Involve the transfer of plasmid which is non chromosomal DNA.

Conjugative plasmid encode efficiently that mediates their own transfer from donor cell to recipient cell.
Occur in one direction because only donor cell has conjugative plasmids.

Conjugation Diagram
1. Donor cell produce pilus. 2. Pilus attached to the recipient cell and bring the two cell together. 3. The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transfer to the recipient cell. 4. Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid .

Growth of Bacteria population.

Microbial Growth
Growth= an increase in the number of cells, not an increase in size. Generation=growth by binary fission.

Generation time=time it takes for a cell to divide and the population to double most are 1-3 hours (E.coli: every 20 min.)

Bacteria divide by binary fission.

Growth of bacteria.

Phases of growth.
Lag - Adapt to nutrients
Log - Active growth Stationary - Death = Growth rate Death- Nutrients consumed - pH too low