%

Actlvlty 8
Vobors.
Jorros, kolsoo Vorlo Goloz
volosco, 1ooollo Vlcooolo
8oslo, Vorc lolll
uoclo, 1ooo
lIo oou lts cootloclty
k|lkODuCJlON
- ls o oooooooo toot ulstloclsoos oroolss
Iro ooo-llvlo Iors.
- Colls row oou ulvluo
- too oyslcol oou otobollc octlvltlos oI too colls
occcr lo roclor cyclo oou rootltlvo oooor
- |oscros too cootloclty oI llIo
Joo Coll Jooory
CeII |beory roIors to too luoo toot colls oro too
boslc colt oI strcctcro lo ovory llvlo tolo.
V All llvlo oroolss oro ouo c oI ooo or oro colls.
V Colls oro too boslc colt oI llIo.
V All colls orlso Iro ro-olstlo colls.
Cootrlbctou by kcuolI vlrcoow lo l858
3|roduc|io3
CeII cycIe
lIo cyclo oI o coll
Also collou coll-ulvlsloo cyclo
ls too sorlos oI ovoots toot to|os loco lo o coll
looulo to lts ulvlsloo oou ucllcotloo (rollcotloo}.
lrocoss by wolco o coll uocblos lts ootlro cootoot lo
roorotloo Ior coll ulvlsloo
Coll Cyclo
8toos lo rowto 8 ulvlsloo
l. Gl looso
2. 8 looso
3. G2 looso
=. V looso
5. Cyto|loosls
lotorooso
Coll Cyclo
lo colls wltooct o occlocs (ro|oryotlc} bloory
Ilssloo.
lo colls wlto o occlocs (oc|oryotos}, too coll cyclo coo
bo ulvluou lo two brloI orlous.
V lotorooso
V ltosls
Iortlllzou o uovolos loto o otcro orools, os woll os
too rocoss by wolco oolr, s|lo, bloou colls, oou soo lotorool
oroos rooowou.
Vltosls Cyto|loosls
Joo
uloro
soows too
Iocr orts
oI too cyclo.
lortoot uotolls oI too Coll Cyclo
Coroosoo
V oroolzou strcctcro oI DNA oou rotolo Iocou lo colls
V slolo loco oI collou DNA cootololo ooy ooos,
roclotory olooots oou otoor occlootluo sogcoocos
Corootlu
V ooo oI too two luootlcol colos oI DNA o|lo c o
ucllcotou coroosoo
V |oloou ot toolr cootrooros
Coroosoo wlto Corootlu
l} Corootlu
2} Cootrooro
3} 8oort or
=} oo or
lortoot uotolls oI too Coll Cyclo
uololu
V ocbor oI coroosoos lo o ooto oI oo orools,
sybollzou by o.
V uovlo o slolo sot oI coroosoos.
V cooultloo lo wolco tooro ls ooly oolI oI too coloto sot
oI coroosoos lo sootlc colls.
|.. ooly oos oolI too ullolu (2o} ocbor oI o ocoo
sootlc coll (wolco ls =} = 23
lortoot uotolls oI too Coll Cyclo
Dllolu
V uovlo o olr oI ooco tyo oI coroosoo, so toot too
boslc coroosoo ocbor ls uocblou. ullolu sootlc
colls.
V Jwo sots oI coroosoos cscolly, ooo sot Iro too
otoor oou oootoor sot Iro too Iotoor
V oololu ocbor ls uocblou, tocs, tols cooultloo ls olso
|oowo os 2o
lortoot uotolls oI too Coll Cyclo
Cootrooro
V coostrlctou roloo |ololo too two slstor corootlus toot
o|o c oo x-sooou coroosoo
V lovolvou lo coll ulvlsloo os too olot oI ltotlc sloulo
ottocooot
cootrooro
lortoot uotolls oI too Coll Cyclo
8loulo |lbor
V strcctcro toot soorotos too coroosoos loto too
uocotor colls ucrlo coll ulvlsloo
V ort oI too cytos|olotoo lo oc|oryotlc colls
V Vltotlc sloulo ltosls
V Volotlc sloulo olosls
klootocooro
V rotolo strcctcro oo coroosoos wooro too sloulo
Ilbors ottoco ucrlo coll ulvlsloo to cll too
coroosoos oort
8loulo |lbor
8loulo |lbors
Cootrosoo
V orooollo toot sorvos os too olo lcrotcbclo
oroolzlo cootor (VJOC} oI too oolol coll
V wooro lcrotcblos oro rouccou sloulo Ilbor
V roclotor oI coll-cyclo rorossloo
V Cooslst oI o olr oI cootrlolos
lotorooso
Vltosls
Joo Coll Cyclo
lotorooso
lotorooso ooors bo o rostlo stoo botwooo coll
ulvlsloos
A orlou oI ulvorso octlvltlos.
Jooso octlvltlos o|o too oot ltosls osslblo.
Dcrlo tols orlou, too coll ls coostootly syotooslzlo
kNA, roucclo rotolo oou rowlo lo slzo.
l. Gl looso
2. G0 looso (rostlo ooso}
3. 8 looso
=. G2 looso
lotorooso
Go 0 (G0}
V tlos wooo o coll wlll loovo too cyclo oou gclt ulvlulo.
V oy bo o toorory or oro oroooot.
oroooot o coll toot oos roocoou oo oou stoo oI
uovolooot oou wlll oo looor ulvluo (o.. oocroo}.
Go l (Gl}
V |lrst rowto stoo
V Colls locrooso lo slzo
V Coll rooros to coy lts DNA
V Coll rooros to coy lts DNA
lotorooso
8yotoosls looso (8 ooso}
V Coylo oI too coloto DNA lostrcctloos (to roucco 2
slllor uocotor colls}
V DNA rollcotloo
V Coroosoos ucllcotou
Go 2 (G2}
V Jlo botwooo DNA syotoosls 8 ltosls
V Coll cootlocos rowlo
V Noouou rotolos rouccou
Vltosls
lrocoss oI coll ulvlsloo wolco rosclts lo too
roucctloo oI two uocotor colls Iro o slolo
oroot coll.
Joo uocotor colls oro luootlcol to ooo oootoor oou
to too orllool oroot coll.
Coll rowto 8 rotolo roucctloo sto
Coll's ooory Ioccsou oo o|lo 2 slllor uocotor
colls
Vcco soortor tooo lotorooso
octcoo oI olosls ls two (oootlcolly luootlcol}
ullolu colls
8toos oI Vltosls
lroooso
Votoooso
Aooooso
Joloooso
Vltosls
lroooso
V occloolcs Iouos oou corootlo (rollcotou DNA oou
ossoclotou rotolos} coouoosos loto coroosoos.
V |oco rollcotou coroosoo corlsos two slstor
corootlus, wlto too soo oootlc loIorotloo
V At too oou oI roooso, lrootoooso
occloor oovoloo broo|s uowo (oo looor o rocoolzoblo occlocs}
ltotlc sloulo Ilbors oloooto Iro too cootrosoos oou ottoco to
|lootocooros, rotolo bcoulos ot too cootrooro roloo oo too
coroosoos wooro slstor corootlus oro |oloou.
8tos lo lroooso
DNA colls tlotly 8 bocoos vlslblo os coroosoos
Nccloor obrooo ulsooors
Nccoolcs ulsooors
Cootrlolos lroto to olos
8loulo bolos to Ior
Vltosls
Votoooso
V coroosoos ollo ot too ogcltorlol loto
V Coroosoos oolu lo loco by lcrotcbclos ottocoou to
too ltotlc sloulo oou to ort oI too cootrooro.
8tos lo Votoooso
V 8loulo Ilbors Iro cootrlolos ottoco to ooco
coroosoo
V Coll roorlo to sooroto lts coroosoos
V Coll ollos lts coroosoos lo too luulo oI too coll
Vltosls
Votoooso
Vltosls
Aooooso
V 8loulo Ilbors soortoo
V |lootocooros sooroto
V cootrooros ulvluo
V too slstor corootlus (uocotor coroosoos} oro
cllou oort oou bolo ovlo to too coll olos
Vltosls
Aooooso
Vltosls
Joloooso
V Joo uocotor coroosoos orrlvo ot too olos
V sloulo Ilbors toot oovo cllou too oort ulsooor
V coouoosou corootlo ooous oou too occloor
oovoloo roooors.
Vltosls
8tos lo Joloooso
V 8oorotloo oI coroosoos colotou
V cytolos ulvluos, too coll obrooo locoos loworu
cltlotoly roucclo two uocotor colls (CJOklN|8l8}
V Coll lloto Iors (loots}
V Cloovoo Icrrow Iors(oolols}
Vltosls
Joloooso
Vltosls
Cyto|loosls
V Occcrs oItor coroosoos sooroto
V |ors two, luootlcol uocotor colls
Volosls l 8 2
Joo Coll Cyclo
Volosls
tyo oI coll ulvlsloo by wolco or colls (os oou
sor} oro rouccou.
lovolvos o roucctloo lo too oocot oI oootlc
otorlol.
o 8i3Ie ore3| diIoid ceII (oto oooloocs
coroosoos} ulvluos to roucco |our doub|er
boIoid8 ceII8 (Ooo oooloocs coroosoo oI too
olr}.
Volosls
oocossory Ior socol roroucctloo
Aolols olosls rouccos ootos (sor oou
o colls}
|col ooorotos soros
too octcoo oI olosls ls Iocr (oootlcolly colgco}
oololu colls
Volosls
lotorooso
V oIoro olosls bolos, oootlc otorlol ls ucllcotu.
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V Dcllcotou corootlo coouoosos
V |oco coroosoo cooslsts oI two, closoly ossoclotou
slstor corootlus
V uooloocs (uyou} olrs ollo to crooto "J|JkAD8",
V ooo-slstor corootlus cooooct oou trouo soctloos ot o
"CulA8VA o rocoss collou Crosslo ovor
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V otoooo
ooco coroosoo bolos to soorco too occlocs Ior lts
oooloco (coroosoos (DNA} oovo olroouy rollcotou
(ucrlo 8 ooso}, so ooco 'coroosoo' cooslsts oI two
slbllocorootlus}
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V yoooo
oooloocs coroosoos Ilou ooco otoor
ollo to ooco otoor lo o rocoss |oowo os "roco olrlo
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V locoyooo
olloou oooloocs coroosoos bocoo cco oro
closoly ossoclotou 8y3o8i8
syoosou oooloocs olr oI coroosoos ls collou o
|e|rod, bococso lt cooslsts oI Iocr corootlus
syoosou coroosoos oy couoro crosslo ovor
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V Dlloooo
oooloocs coroosoos lo ooco totrou bolo to sooroto
roolo cooooctou ot olots oI crosslo ovor
|oco olot oI crosslo ovor ls |oowo os o cbio82o (lcrol.
colosoto}
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
lroooso l
V Dlo|loosls
oooloocs coroosoos sooroto Icrtoor
colosoto torloollzo (rocoou to too oou oI too
corootlus, tooo sooroto}
Corootlus (crosslo ovor} ocoooou oootlc otorlol
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
Votoooso l
V 8loulo Ilbors ottoco to ooco uyou ot too klootocooro
V Joosloo Iro sloulo Ilbors o|o oooloocs
coroosoos ollo ot too ogcotorlol loto
Aooooso l
Vuooloocs olrs sooroto wlto slstor corootlus
roololo tootoor
V8lstor corootlus bolo lrotlo toworu ooslto
olos.
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
Votoooso l Aooooso l
|lrst Dlvlsloo oI Volosls
Joloooso l
V C|AvAG| |ukkOW Iors boloolo too rocoss oI
CJOklN|8l8
V koscltlo uocotor colls oro uAlOlD (lN}.
Jwo uocotor colls oro Iorou wlto ooco uocotor
cootololo ooly ooo coroosoo oI too oooloocs olr
8ocoou ulvlsloo oI olosls.
Gooto Iorotloo
lroooso 2
V DNA uoos oot rollcoto
V 8loulo Iorotloo bolos
V cootrosoos bolo ovlo toworu olos
Votoooso 2
VJoosloo Iro sloulo Ilbors ollos coroosoos ot
too otoooso loto (ogcotorlol loto}
8ocoou ulvlsloo oI olosls. Gooto
Iorotloo
Votoooso 2
Aooooso 2
V Cootrooros ulvluo oou slstor corootlus lroto
soorotoly to ooco olo.
Joloooso 2
VCloovoo |crrow Iors boloolo Cyto|loosls
8ocoou ulvlsloo oI olosls. Gooto
Iorotloo
Aooooso 2
Volosls
At too oou oI Volosls
V Nccloor |ovoloos Ior
V coroosoos ulsorso os Corootlo
V = Docotor colls rouccou
ooco wlto lN coroosoos oou lN DNA
V lo Iortlllzotloo olo oou Ioolo lN ootos Icso to
Ior o 2N GOJ|.
Volosls
lrocoucro
A. 8ollu wlro ouol oI coll ulvlsloo
l. = sollu wlros= 2 loo (rooo oou rou}, oou 2 soort
(rooo oou rou} rorosootou too corootlo lo too coll
2. ot coll oss 8 ooso oou ootor V ooso
3. 8oow woot ooooou ucrlo roooso, otoooso,
oooooso, oou toloooso
A. Vlcroscolc oolootloo
l. Obtolo ooloo root tl Iro vlol oI 70% otooool
2. JrosIor root tl to clooo slluo
3. Cct root co
=. Cct tolo soctloo Iro orlstootlc roloo oItor root
co
5. Auu l-2 uros oI locto-ocoto-orcolo
. Gootly sgcoso cslo boot oooulo
7. Covor wlto covorsll
8. Obsorvo couor OlO
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Drow too wlro ouols oo ooco ooso oI o ltotlc
coll.
lroooso
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Votoooso
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Aooooso
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Joloooso
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Drow too wlro ouols o ooco ooso oI olosls l.
"costloo Aou Aoswor
"costloo Aou Aoswor
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Drow too wlro ouols oo ooco ooso oI olosls 2.
"costloo Aou Aoswor
"costloo Aou Aoswor
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Glvo too Goootlc cootoot oou coroosoo ocbor
ucrlo too Iollowlo oosos.
e3e|ic Co3|e3| (C) Cbro2o8o2e (3)
Gl ooso Corootlo =
8 ooso Corootlo =
G2 ooso Corootlo =
lroooso Coouooslo
Coroosoo
=
Votoooso Coroosoo
(soortor oou tolc|or}
=
Aooooso Corootlus 8
Joloooso Coroosoo 8
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Woy ls ooco stoo rorogclslto oI too oot
|oco stoo ls lortoot bococso octlvotloo oI ooco ooso
ls uooouoot oo too roor rorossloo oou colotloo oI
too rovlocs ooo. Colls toot oovo toororlly or rovorslbly
stoou ulvlulo oro solu to oovo ootorou o stoto oI
gcloscooco collou G0 looso. Collclor soooscooco ls o stoto
toot occcrs lo rosooso to DNA uooo or uorouotloo
toot woclu o|o o coll's roooy ooovloblo, lt ls oItoo o
blocoolcol oltorootlvo to too solI-uostrcctloo oI scco o
uooou coll by ootosls.
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Wooro uo yoc ooct oootlc ulIIoroocos botwooo
colls to orlso Woy
CeneLlc dlfference beLween cells would arlse only by
Melosls because only ln melolsls can crossinq over occur
and so varlaLlon and random assorLmenL of Lhe
chromosomes can occur
V|lO8l8.
- occcrs lo so colls ooly lo. sor or o
- rouccos = uocotor colls wlto uA| too ocbor oI coroosoos
(oololu}
- 'crosslo ovor' coo occcr, oou so vorlotloo coo occcr
- 'roouo ossortoot' oI too coroosoos coo occcr
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Woy uo yoc tolo| locto-ocoto-orcolo wos csou to
stolo coroosoos
oto-ocoto-orcolo wos csou to stolo coroosoos.
8loco corootlo ls bosoolllc uco to lts DNA cootoot lt
ooous to bo stoloou by o boslc uyo. Orcolo ls oo
oootorlc stolo, wolco orlt too ulIIorootlol stololo.
Aootorlc uyos oovo boto ooloolc oou cotloolc
rocs oo too soo loo oou scco uyos coo stolo oltoor
too occlocs or too cytolos lI cooultloos oro
ororloto.
"costloo Aou Aoswor
Drow too otoooso oou oooooso oI too ooloo
root tl.
Aooooso
Votoooso
"costloo Aou Aoswor
8coso ltotlc oou olotlc rocossos oou oovor
ovolvou, woot uo yoc tolo| woclu oovo booo too
coosogcooco
lvlo oroolss woclu oot oovo scrvlvou oou
ovolvou. Oroolss woclu oot oovo booo oblo to
roroucco oou tooro woclu oot oovo booo oootlc
vorlotloo toot coclu oovo ollowou too to ouot
to too oovlroooot.
1tAt Ct IC::
koIoroocos
Vltosls. obolou Dloro. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.occossocollooco.or,kC,v ,GG,ltosls.o
Joo Coll Cyclo. lotorooso. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.collsollvo.co,coll_cyclo.ot
Coll Cyclo Cooc|olots. Coll loloy. kotrlovou Accst 20,
20ll ott.,,www.otlIollo.co,5llll 87 .otl
Aolol Coll Vltosls. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.collsollvo.co,ltosls.ot
Vltosls. Coll loloy. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.otlIollo.co,5llll90.otl
uololu. loloy Oolloo. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll
ott.,,www.bloloy-oolloo.or,ulctlooory,uololu
Dllolu. Joo |roo Dlctlooory. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll
Iro ott.,,www.tooIrooulctlooory.co,ullolu
koIoroocos
Aolol Coll Volosls. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll
Iro ott.,,www.collsollvo.co,olosls.ot
Volosls. kotrlovou Accst 20, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.occossocollooco.or,kC,v,GG,olo
sls.o
Vltosls oou Volosls. Goootlc Wor|soo Ncbor
Ooo. kotrlovou Accst 2l, 20ll Iro
ott.,,www.syoosos.co.c|,oootlcs,wr|sol.otl