WASTE DISPOSAL

Submitted by: Daphne D. Lontajo

08-78825
and
Chriselle Haidee M. Sangalang
06-33816
 INTRODUCTION:
✦ Social and economic
activities = increase of
pressure to environment
and need for reducing
damaging activities.
✦ More waste produced =
more waste reduced
 WHAT ARE WASTE:
✦ Unwanted or undesired
material or substance
✦ Rubbish, trash, garbage or
junk
✦ moveable object with no direct use
that is discarded permanently
✦ linked to the human development,
both technologically and socially,
industrial development and
innovation
 PROBLEM BROUGHT
BY THIS:
✦ The development of industrialized
nations and the growth of population
✦ In 18th century England and France,
carters were paid by individuals to
carry trash and discard it
✦ Benjamin Franklin initiated the first
municipal cleaning program in
Philadelphia in 1757
 TYPES OF WASTES:
✦ solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous,
radioactive, and medical
✦ methods of its classification is by
their physical, chemical and
biological characteristics and
consistency
✦ Those that contain less than 70%
water are called solid wastes
✦ Liquid wastes are usually
wastewater's that contain less
than 1% solids
✦ Sludge - 3% liquids and 25%
solids
 TYPES OF WASTE:
✦ Hazardous
two types: those that have
common hazardous properties
such as ignitability or reactivity and
those that contain leach able toxic
components.
✦ Non- hazardous
✦ Special Wastes
METHODS OF
DISPOSAL:
✦ SOLID WASTES:
-forest and wood processing
residues;
-agricultural crop residues; and
-municipal solid wastes
DISPOSAL METHOD:
A. Landfill
- Open-air Landfills
- Sanitary Landfills
Sanitary Landfills Hazards
Improved Sanitary Landfills
 Factors to consider in Sanitary
Landfill:
1. Nature of underlying rock or
sediment
2. Elevation of land
3. Water table elevation and
fluctuation
4. Ground water flow direction
A. Incineration
B. Recycling

✦ LIQUID WASTES:
- sewage sludge and effluent;
- animal wastes;
- food processing residues; and
- industrial effluents
DISPOSAL METHOD:
- In the early 1970s there were three
primary methods of disposing
large amounts of liquid wastes: (1)
deep-well injection, (2) surface
impoundments, and (3) landfills
- Deep-Well Injection
theory: A well is drilled in a dry
porous layer and wastes are
pumped in. Contamination of
groundwater is prevented by the
casing and seal around the
portion of the well that penetrates
groundwater
 practice:
• Wastes spill or leak at surface.
• Corrosion of casing allows waste
to escape.
• Inadequate seal permits wastes to
back-flow
• Fractures existing or caused by
earthquakes or the introduction of
fluids, allow wastes to escape into
groundwater
- Sound Impoundments
theory: Wastes in large volumes
of water are put into
impoundments (ponds),where
water evaporates and wastes
accumulate.
 practice:
- Leaks in transport pipe.
- Exceptional rainfall causes overflow.
- Bottom of impoundment may be
inadequately sealed or lack plastic liner
and/or sufficient clay.
- Plastic liner is ruptured by freezing or
deteriorates.
- Many hazardous wastes are volatile.
Hence this method allows them to
evaporate and become dispersed in the
environment.
- Landfills
theory: Wastes are carefully
contained to prevent cross mixing of
reactive substances. Fill is capped
with impervious clay to prevent
infiltration and percolation of water
through the fill. Fill bottom is lined
and provided with a drainage system
to contain and remove any leakage
or leachate that occurs. Monitoring
wells provide a final check.
 practice:
- Burrowing animals make holes in clay
cap.
- Freezing temperature shrink and tear
liner.
- Error in storage allows reactive
chemicals to mix, triggering an
explosion.
- Chemicals corrode collection pipes,
preventing effective withdrawal.
- Plume or leaking wastes bypasses
monitoring well.
✦ GASEOUS WASTES:
- methane from coal mining and oil
refining
- industrial waste gases
✦ RADIOACTIVE WASTES:
- radioactive chemical elements
that do not have a practical
purpose
DISPOSAL METHOD:
- safe, “permanent” storage
- There have been various
suggestions for storage places:
deep in the sediments under the
ocean floor, under the Antarctic
ice cap, or even in outer space
✦ MEDICAL WASTES:
- produced from healthcare
premises, such as hospitals
- classified as infectious or
biohazardous
 BIO-MEDICAL AND
INCINERATION: the burning
issue
✦ 1. What are these so-called “bio-
medical wastes”?
✦ 2. How will incinerators solve the
problem of increasing hospital
wastes?
 TYPES OF
TREATMENT:
✦ Incineration is the burning of waste in
temperatures ranging from 1,800ºF to
2,000ºF (982ºC to 1093ºC).
✦ Autoclaving or steam sterilization is a
process where waste is exposed to
steam for a sufficient
temperature/pressure/time period to
assure the destruction of
microorganisms.
✦ Autoclaving is used by medical
waste generators to disinfect
waste and remove the potential
hazard to waste handlers
✦ followed by secondary treatment
including landfilling, shredding and
incineration
TREATMENT,STORAG
E
AND
TRANSPORTATION
✦ Medical waste is also very likely to
undergo more than one process
✦ Red bags are steam sterilized
using specific tags, which change
color
✦ Specific containers and drums are
used to store waste, which will
later be transported to off-site
treatment locations
✦ Once the waste is disinfected, the
waste is stored and prepared for
transportation
✦ The transportation of medical
waste requires the use of a
manifest system as transporters
are required to track the
movement of medical waste.
 ADVANTAGES:
✦ incineration provides the
advantage of volume
reduction as well as the ability
to dispose of recognizable
waste and sharps
✦ ash that results from
combustion can be sent to a
sanitary landfill
 DISADVANTAGES:
✦ lies in the incinerator emissions
✦ emissions may contain gases that are
toxic
✦ the problems come after autoclaving is
complete and transportation is required
✦ Many landfills and incinerators give
generators a difficult time when
accepting their red bags fearing the red
bags contain infectious waste
 REFERENCES:
✦ Bredehoeft, J. D.; England, A. W.;
Stewart, D. B.; Trask, J. J., and
Wingrad, I. J.1978 Geologic
Disposal of High-level Radioactive
Wastes- Earth Science
Perspectives. U.S. Geological
Survey Circular 779
✦ Davis, M., and Cornwell, D. (1998).
Introduction to Environmental
Engineering, 3rd edition. New
York: WCB McGraw-Hill.
✦ Nebel, Bernard J. and Richard Wright.
(1990) Environmental Science. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
✦ Reinhardt, P., and Gordon, J. (1991).
Infectious and Medical Waste
Management. Chelsea, MN: Lewis
Publishers.
✦ Siegel, M. (1993). "Garbage and Other
Pollution—How Do We Live with All the
Trash?" Information Plus.. Detroit, MI:
Gale.
✦ THANK YOU! :)