The First C Program

Armed with the knowledge about the types of variables, constants & keywords the next logical step is to combine them to form instructions. However, instead of this, we would write our first C program now. Once we have done that we would see in detail the instructions that it made use of. (a) Each instruction in a C program is written as a separate statement. Therefore a complete C program would comprise of a series of statements. (b)The statements in a program must appear in the same order in which we wish them to be executed; unless of course the logic of the problem demands a deliberate jump or transfer of control to a statement, which is out of sequence.

(C) Blank spaces may be inserted between two words to improve the readability of the statement. However, no blank spaces are allowed within a variable, constant or keyword. (d) All statements are entered in small case letters.
(e)C has no specific rules for the position at which a statement is to be written. Thats why it is often called a freeform language. (d) Every C statement must end with a ;. Thus ; acts as a statement terminator.

A Simple C Program. 1: /* Hello.c: This is my first C program */ 2: #include <stdio.h> 3: 4: main() 5: { 6: printf (Hello World! This is my first C program.\n); 7: return 0; 8: } Execution of First C program On Windows Hello.c

The Basics of a C Program

As a building is made of bricks, a C program is made of basic elements, such as expressions,statements, statement blocks, and function blocks. These elements are discussed in the following sections. But first, you need to learn two smaller but important elements, constant and variable, which make up expressions.

Constants and Variables

As its name implies, a constant is a value that never changes. A variable, on the other hand, can be used to present different values. You can think of a constant as a music CD-ROM; the music saved in the CD-ROM is never changed. A variable is more like an audio cassette: You

// More arithmetic expressions #include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int a = 25; int b = 2; float c = 25.0; float d = 2.0; printf ("6 + a / 5 * b = %i\n", 6 + a / 5 * b); printf ("a / b * b = %i\n", a / b * b); printf ("c / d * d = %f\n", c / d * d); printf ("-a = %i\n", -a); return 0; } Program 4.3 Output 6 + a / 5 * b = 16 a / b * b = 24 c / d * d = 25.000000 -a = -25

Program 4.4 Illustrating the Modulus Operator // The modulus operator #include <stdio.h> int main (void) { int a = 25, b = 5, c = 10, d = 7; printf ("a %% b = %i\n", a % b); printf ("a %% c = %i\n", a % c); printf ("a %% d = %i\n", a % d); printf ("a / d * d + a %% d = %i\n", a / d * d + a % d); return 0; } Program 4.4 Output a%b=0 a%c=5 a%d=4 a / d * d + a % d = 25

Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators

/* Operators Demo # 2 */ #include <stdio.h> main () { int i; printf ("Assignment Operators\n\n"); i = 10; /* Assignment */ printf("i = 10 : %d\n",i); i++; /* i = i + 1 */ printf ("i++ : %d\n",i); i += 5; /* i = i + 5 */ printf ("i += 5 : %d\n",i); i--; /* i = i = 1 */ printf ("i-- : %d\n",i); i -= 2; /* i = i - 2 */ printf ("i -= 2 : %d\n",i); i *= 5; /* i = i * 5 */ printf ("i *= 5 :%d\n",i); i /= 2; /* i = i / 2 */ printf ("i /= 2 : %d\n",i);i %= 3; /* i = i % 3 */