Transmission Line and Termination

Transmission Line Analysis

• Wavelength Versus Distance
– Lumped: λ < L
– Distributed: λ>L
• Pulse Transition Versus Propagation Delay
• Single Mode
– Frequency response
– Propagation (timing and phase) delay
– Loss and dispersion
– Pulse distortion
• Multimode
– Modal analysis
• Multi Lines
– Crosstalk
– Interference
 Transmission Lines
• Metallic
– Parallel Wire Pair
• FM and TV antenna
– Twisted Wire Pair
• Phone line
• 10BaseT Ethernet
– Coaxial Cable
• RG58
– Metallic Conduit
– Planar Striplines
• Printed circuit board
• Hybrid IC carrier
• Dielectric
– Fiber
• Glass
• Polymer
 Characteristic Impedance
• Impedance
– Z=V/I for an infinite cable
• Coaxial Cable
– CATV, lab, microwave
instrumentation
2πκε 0
C=
ln( D / d )
µ
L = 0 ln( D / d )
2π
R + jωL L 138
Z0 = → = log( D / d )
G + jωC C κ
1 10 Skin Depth In Copper
Vp =
LC 9

– Loss 8
Skin Depth, microns

• Frequency dependent 6

ρ 5
• Skin depth δ= 4
πf µ
– TEM mode 3
2

– Unbalanced 1
0
0.E+00 1.E+09 2.E+09 3.E+09 4.E+09 5.E+09 6.E+09
Frequency, Hz
 Coaxial Cables
Attenuation in
Coax Velocity
db per 100 feet Description
Factor
(On 27MHz)
RG-8 1.15 dB .66 50 Ohm coax
RG-59 2.0 dB .66 75 Ohm coax
RG-8/U Foam 0.85 dB .80 50 Ohm coax, Foam Dielectric
RG-59/U Foam 1.5 dB .79 75 Ohm coax, Foam Dielectric
Belden 9913 0.7 dB .84 Premium 50 Ohm coax
1/2" Hardline 0.35 dB .81 Special coax, expensive!
RG-8X (Mini-8) 1.2 dB .78 Small 50 Ohm coax. Preferred
over RG-58. Recommended for
mobile installations.
RG-58 2.35 dB .66 50 Ohm coax
RG-213 1.35 dB .66 50 Ohm coax.
RG-11/U Foam 0.85 dB .80 75 Ohm coax.
RG-11/U 1.35 dB .66 75 Ohm coax

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/coax_chart.htm
 Coax Connectors
• BNC
• Type N
• SMA
• APC7
• K
Coax Connectors
 Twin Lead Cable
• Balanced
– 300 Ω Z 0 = 276 log( D / r )
• Balun
– Balanced to unbalance transformer
 Twisted Wire Pair
• Network Cables
– Cat 3, 4, 5, 5E, 6, ..
– DSL wiring at home
• http://www.smellyeyeball.com/dsl/
 Striplines
• Micro Stripline
• Embedded Stripline
• Coplanar Stripline

• Loss
– Metallic
• Skin depth
• Localized current flow
– Dielectric
ε ''
• Loss tangent ε = ε '− jε ' ' ⇒ Tanδ =
ε'
– Surface roughness
 Transmission Line Termination
• Impedance Matching
– Termination
• Mismatch
– Reflection
• Time Domain Picture
– http://www.williamson-labs.com/xmission.htm
• Frequency Domain Analysis
 Reflection and Transmission
• Reflection

• Standing Wave Ratio

• Wave Visualization
 Impedance Matching
• Effective Impedance
– Load impedance
– Cable in front of load
– Frequency dependent
– Bandwidth
– Smith chart
• http://www.educatorscorner.com/index.cgi?CONTENT_ID=2482
• Impedance Matching
– Transformer
– Stub
• http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/stubs.html
• Application
– http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/arrl_circles.pdf
 Time Domain Reflectometry
• Principle
– Launch a pulse or a step waveform into the cable
– Monitor reflected signal
– Delay: location of mismatch
– Magnitude: amount of mismatch
• Equipment
– http://www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/55_14601/eng/55W_1
– Pulse generator
 Time Domain Reflectometry
• Measurements
– http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/EE290C_
– http://literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5988-6505
• Build Your Own TDR
 Analysis for Digital Pulse
• Pulse Analysis
• Pulse Distortion

• EESoft Modeling
 Reading and Exercise
• Reading
• Exercise
• http://www.connectorwizard.com/reference/a
 Chapter Review
• Transmission Lines
– balanced and unbalance
– Balum
• Characteristic Impedance
• Reflection Coefficient
• Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
• Smith Chart
• Impedance Matching
• Time Domain Reflectomety