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DNA is found in the cells of all organisms, from mosquitoes to bacteria to humans Each organism has a unique set of DNA, but DNA functions the same way in all organisms.
Unraveling DNA
1) DNA is often wound around proteins, coiled into strands, and then bundled up even more 2) In a cell that lacks a nucleus, each strand of DNA forms a loose loop within the cell 3) In a cell with a nucleus, the strands of DNA and proteins: are bundled into chromosomes
4) The order of the bases on one side of the molecule is a code that carries information. 5) A gene consists of: a string of nucleotides that gives cell information
Changes in Genes
1) Mutation: Changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA 1) Deletion: base is left out 2) Insertion: extra base added 3) Substitution: wrong base is used
Do Mutations Matter?
Three possible consequences to changes in DNA:
1) 2) 3) An improved trait No change Harmful trait When error is found, it is usually fixed If the mutation occurs in the sex cells, the changed gene can be passed from one generation to the next.
Genetic Identification 1) Your DNA is unique, so it can be used like a fingerprint to identify you. 2) DNA fingerprinting identifies: the unique patterns in an individuals DNA
1) Identical twins have truly identical DNA. Scientists are now able to create something like a twin, called a clone. A clone is a new organism that has an exact copy of another organisms genes.