By:SANDEEP MATHUR Asst professor

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

A Computer is a device that allows you to input data, process data quickly and efficiently, receive outputs and store data. Thus a computer consists of one or more input devices, output devices, store devices and processing unit. C - commonly O - oriented M - machine P - particularly U - used T - for trade E -education
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Speed - The speed of a computer is incredibly faster than what man can possibly record or calculate normally. Storage - A computer system can store a large amount of data in a systematic manner. Accuracy and Reliability - Inspite of high speed, the computers are quite accurate and reliable in their calculations. the accuracy of operation of a computer is always 100%. Automatic - Once the process has been initiated, computer is quite capable of functioning automatically. it does not require a prompt from an operator at each stage of the process.
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Diligence/Endurance - Is capable of operating at exactly the same level of speed and accuracy even if it has to carry out the most voluminous and complex operations for a long period of time. Scientific Approach - The entire approach to solving problems is highly scientific, objective and sequentially carried out, leaving no room for emotional & subjective evaluations made by man. Versatility - The wide use of computers in so many areas in day-to-day life is an ample evidence of its versatility.
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Speed Accuracy Storage Capacity Consistency/Diligence

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Can not think it self Task to be describe in detail Can not learn form experience Wrong information provided result also wrong

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the input devices perform the following functions. Accept the data and instructions from the outside world. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory. The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.,

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

First Generation (19401956)

Use of vacuum tubes Big & Clumsy High Electricity Consumption Programming in Mechanical Language Larger AC were needed Lot of electricity failure occurred
Computer Fundamentals

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Sunday, April 29, 2012

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors were used Core Memory was developed Faster than First Generation computers First Operating System was developed Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language
Computer Fundamentals

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Sunday, April 29, 2012

Continued

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Magnetic tapes & discs were used Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Third Generation (19641971)

Integrated circuits developed Power consumption was low SSI & MSI Technology was used High level languages were used

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Fourth Generation (1971 onwards)

LSI & VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Technology used Development of Portable Computers RAID Technology of data storage Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation Computers started in use for Data Communication Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond)

Used Used Used Used Used in parallel processing superconductors in speech recognition in intelligent robots in artificial intelligence

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Microcomputer:
It is small in size but capable of handling large tasks.

Minicomputer:
It can very in size from a small desktop model to the size of a small filling cabinet.

Mainframe Computer:
It is more powerful & large in size.

Super Computer
It is largest, fastest and most expensive computer.

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Collect Date, Information Convert Into machine language Send to CPU E.g.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Keyboard Mouse Scanner Mic

Computer Fundamentals

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Traditional Keyboard Argonic Keyboard

Wireless Keyboard

Flexible Keyboard

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Alphabetic keys Numeric keys Alpha Numeric Keys Navigation Keys

Functional Keys Combination Keys Toggle Keys Special Keys

a-z 0-9 !-) Arrows, End, Home Page Up, Page Dn F1-F12 Shift, Alt, Ctrl Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Caps Lock

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Receive from CPU Convert into Human Language Send to User E.g..

1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Speaker

Computer Fundamentals

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Mechanical Mouse

Optical Mouse

Wireless Mouse

Computer Fundamentals

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CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

LCD (Liquid crystal Display) Monitor

Computer Fundamentals

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SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array)

800 X 600 Pixels
15 Monitor

XGA (Extended Graphic Array)

1,024 X 768 Pixels
17 To 19

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array)

1,280 X 1,034 Pixels
19 To 21

UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array)

1,600 X 1,200 Pixels
Above 21

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

Impact Printer (printing with hammering)

Daze wheel printer Chain Printer

Non Impact Printer (printing without hammering)

Ink-Jet Printer Laser Printer

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

CPU

CU (Control Unit)

ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit)

MU (Memory Unit)

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Memory Flexibility

Type as per Period Preference

ROM (Read
Only Memory)

RAM (Random
Access Memory

Hard Disk Floppy Disk

Compact Disk (CD)

Pen Drive

NonRemovable NonRemovable NonRemovable Removable Removable

Removable

Permanent
Temporary Permanent Permanent

Primary Secondary Secondary

Permanent
Permanent

Secondary
Secondary

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

ROM

Floppy Disk

RAM

CD
Hard

Disk

Pen Drive

Computer Fundamentals

Sunday, April 29, 2012

0/1 4 Bit 8 Bit 1 Character 1 Space 1 Enter/Paragraph

1 1 1 1 1 2

Bit Nibble Byte Byte Byte Byte

Continue

Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

Continued

1024 1024 1024 1024

Byte KB MB GB

1 1 1 1

Kilo Byte (KB) Mega Byte (MB) Giga Byte (GB) Terabyte (TB)

Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

 RAM

64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB Hard Disk 2 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB, 40 GB, 80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB, Floppy 1.44 MB CD 700 MB DVD 4.7 GB Pen Drive 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB

Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

System Software
Operating System Utility
Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Uninstaller Antivirus

Device Driver

Application Software

Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012

DOS
B/W Screen

Windows
Color Screen

CUI (Character User Interface) Single Tasking

Single User

GUI (Graphical User Interface) Multiple Tasking

Multiple User
Computer Fundamentals Sunday, April 29, 2012