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Mathematics
Unit 2
Limits and Continuity
By
KOH YOU BENG
2) Email address:
kyb1@tutor.wou.edu.my
/kohyoubeng@hotmail.com
Imprecise definition
Limit is a value of f(x) when x closer to a
certain number.
For example
lim f x L
x c
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 6
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 7
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 8
One-Sided Limits
You need one-sided limits when you
encounter a piecewise function (a
function where each part of the
domain has its own function to
evaluate) as seen below…
Limit Limit
from from
the the
left right
(x<c) (x>c)
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 9
One-Sided Limits
Left-hand limit
If f(x) approaches L1 as x approaches c from
the left, then L1 is the left-hand limit of f(x).
Mathematically:
lim f x L1
x c
Right-hand limit
If f(x) approaches L2 as x approaches c from
the right, then L2 is the right-hand limit of
f(x). Mathematically:
lim f x L2
x c
| x| | x| x
lim ? lim lim lim 1 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0
x, x 0 lim
|x| x
lim lim 1 1
| x |
x, x 0
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
| x| | x| | x|
lim lim lim does not exist
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x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 12
Theorem
x 2, f x 2
x 1, f x 1
x 2 3x 2
Problem 1 lim
x 2 x 2
x 2 3 x 2 x 1 x 2
Solution Rewrite x 1.
x 2 x 2
x 2 3x 2
Hence lim lim x 1 1.
x 2 x 2 x 2
Problem 2
x2 x
lim
x 3 x 2 5 x 2
Solution
1
1
x2 x x 1
x .
3x 5x 2 3 5 2
2
3
x x2
Solution Rewrite
x 1 x
2 2
1
x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1
x2 1 x2 1
2 2
x 1
2
x 1
2
x 2
1 x2 1 2
x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1
2
Hence lim x 1 x 1 lim 2 2
0.
x x
x 1 x 1
2 2
Solution Rewrite
x2 x 1 x2 x 1
x x 1 x x 1
2 2
x2 x 1 x2 x 1
x2 x 1 x2 x 1
x 2
x 1 x2 x 1 2x 2
x2 x 1 x2 x 1 x2 x 1 x2 x 1
2
2 Next divide by x.
x x 1
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2
x x x x
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 20
Formal Definition
f x L
f x L
1 1 1 1
lim 2 lim 2
0 0
2 2
x 0 x x 0 x
1 1
lim 2 = lim 2
x 0 x x 0 x
1
But lim 2 does not exist
x 0 x
1 1 1
(iv) lim ,L 0
x c f x lim f x L
x c
A removable discontinuity at x = c if
lim f x exist but f c lim f x
x c x c
Only this type of discontinuity can be remove by
redefining f at c
A jump discontinuity at x = c if
lim f x and lim f x exist but lim f x lim f x
x c x c x c x c
An infinite discontinuity at x = c if
lim f x or lim f x or lim f x or lim f x
x c x c x c x c
lim f x 8, lim f x 9, f 3 3 6 9
x 3 x 3 Jump discontinuity
f is continuous at every point in the open interval , except
x 2 and x 3
Koh you beng
kyb1@wou.edu.
my
Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 31
Continuity on interval
Open interval
Let (a, b) be an open interval with a < b. A function f
is continuous on the interval (a, b) if f(x) is
continuous at every point in (a, b).
Close interval
f is continuous on the interval [a, b] if f(x) is
Continuous at every point in (a, b)
Continuous from the right at a, xlim f x f a and
a
Continuous from the left at b xlim f x f b
b
Then lim f x L
x c
Prove g x f x h x
lim g x lim f x lim h x
x c x c x c
L lim f x L
x c
lim f x L
x c
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Friday, October 17, 2008 Limits and Continuity 33
Limits Involving Trigonometric
Function
Some element limit of trigonometric function
lim sin x sin c lim sin x 0
x c x 0
sin
Use the fact that lim 1.
0
sin 3 x 1 sin 3 x
Rewrite
6x 2 3x
sin 3 x sin 3 x 1
Since lim 1, we conclude that lim .
x 0 3x x 0 6x 2
Rewrite: