Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions An original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement Systematic approach concerning generalization and formulation of a theory
Research objectives
Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve a new insight into it To portray accurately the charateristics of a particular individual, situation or a group To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else
Motivation in research
Desire to face the challenge in solving in unsolved problems To get intellectual joy To be of service to society To get respectability Desire to get a research degree
Types of research
Descriptiveincludes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kindspurpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists at presentalso called as ex posto research main characteristic is that researcher has no control over variables Analyticalresearcher uses facts or info already avbl and analyzes them to make a critical evaluation of material
Types of research
Applied or action oraims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or a business
Fundamental or puregathering knowledge for knowledge
Other types
One time and longitudinal researchsingle period and one spread over several time periods Field setting or laboratory or simulation Clinical or diagnostic research Historical Conclusion oriented or decision oriented
Research approaches
Quantitative generation of data--sub classified as
Inferentialto form a data base from which characteristics or relationships of population can be inferred Experimentalcharacterized by greater control over research environment Simulationconstruction of artificial environment within which relevant info and data can be generated
Qualitativesubjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviourfocus on group interviews, projective techniques and depth interviews
Significance
Inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and promotes development of logical habits of thinking Provides a basis for nearly all govt policies in our economic system
Research process
Series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and desired sequencing
Secondaryinternal sources like sales records, mkg activity, distributor reports and feedback, customer feedback
External sources like published reportsgovt publications, journals, trade associations publications, books, annual reports, industry handbook, ISI, census data, indices of wholesale prices, RBI bulletin, WHO, ILO, UNESCO
Data presentation
Frequency distributiondiscrete and continuous and cumulative Age no of
respondents boys girls men 1000 1500 5000
Data presentation
Frequency distributioncumulative and Age no of cumulative relative
respondents 1000 1500 5000 0-15 15-25 25-35 1000 2500 7500
Chartspie charts
Chartsbar chart
Chartshistogram
Charts-frequency polygon
Call reporta catalogue of events, interviewer should record nos called which acts as a database
Questionnaire design
Open ended questionsinterviewer writes answer of the respondent verbatimno precoded classificationsegwhy did you choose MBA or MBA AMC Close ended questionsmultiple responses of which respondents have to select one or more choices Pre testing questionnaire thru a pilot study Review of questions for improvemetns
7. Execution of project
Project executed in a systematic way Occassional field checks
8. Analysis of data
Codingcategories of data transformed intor symbols that may be tabulated Editingto improve the quality of data Tabulationclassified data put in form of tables
9. Hypothesis testing
Do the facts support the hypothesis Tests like chi-square test, t test, F test