Module B Power Point ModB - ch03 - Eng

Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module B
3.1Unit of Memory
3.2Memory System
3.3Buses
3.4Expansion Standard: Slots, Buses and Ports
3.5DMA and Interrupts
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module B: Part B
3.1 Units of Memory

Terms used to define memory sizes
Byte (B)
Kilobyte (KB)
1KB = 210 B = 1024 B
Megabyte (MB)
1MB = 220 B = 1,048,576 B
Gigabyte (GB)
1GB = 230 B = 1,073,741,824 B
Terabyte (TB)
1TB = 240 B = 1,099,511,627,776 B
© Longman Hong Kong Education Page2

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Random Access Memory (RAM)
data can be read from or written into the memory
volatile: data will be lost if power is off
Dynamic RAM
need to have circuits to provide periodic charging to
maintain the data stored
designed for computer systems with high capacity,
moderate speeds and low power consumption
Static RAM
Refreshing is not required.
High speed, low capacity and high power consumption

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Read Only Memory (ROM)
data is permanently programmed in the IC
non-volatile: content remains intact after power is
switched off
Each memory element can be accessed
individually

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Standard ROMs
programmed by manufacturers
users can only read the data or execute the programs
standard applications are stored
Programmable ROMs (PROM)
programmed permanently by using special equipment
known as a programmer
can be programmed once

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Erasable Programmable ROMs (EPROM)
can be programmed and erased by the user many
times
erased by UV light beam
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROMs
(EEPROM or E2PROM)
similar to EPROM
users can choose to erase a single bit electrically
used in BIOS of most main boards

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

BIOS (Basic Input / Output System)
manage data flow between OS and attached
devices
an integral part of the main board stored on an
erasable EPROM chip
How BIOS starts up a computer?
BIOS loads the
CPU passes BIOS checks
key parts of
control to attached
OS into RAM
BIOS program devices
from hard disk

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Cache
keep the most frequently accessed instructions
and data
reduce the average memory access time
placed between the CPU and the main memory

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

How a cache works?
Cache is examined when CPU
needs to access the memory.
data is not data is found
found in cache in cache
Access the main memory Read data from cache
to read the data
Transfer accessed data Transfer some data to

from main memory to cache cache for future reference

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Virtual Memory
optimise the use of RAM
OS allocates a portion of a storage medium to
function as additional RAM
bridge the size gap between main memory and
secondary storage
Swap file -- the area of secondary storage used
for virtual memory

Module B: Part B
3.2 Memory Systems

Virtual Memory optimises the use of RAM
1. OS transfers the least recently
used data from RAM to disk. disk
(virtual memory)
2. OS transfers
data from disk
to RAM when
RAM
needed.
(physical memory)

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
Bus transfers bits from places to places.
CPU
bus
memory chips

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
Internal bus (system bus)
connect CPU, system memory and all other
components on the motherboard
External bus (expansion bus)
connect to external devices and peripherals to the
computer
allow for expansion of the computer capability

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
Components of internal bus
Control bus
carry timing signals and control signals to other parts on
the motherboard
Address bus
carry information on memory addressing
Data bus
transmit the actual data between the system components

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
Bus width
determine the number of bits that computer can
transmit at one time
PCI bus
local bus published by Intel for the use with
Pentium series CPU
working frequency: 33 MHz
PCI cards: sound card, display card, video capture
card, network interface card

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
AGP bus
employ point-to-point connection for the main
memory and display interface card
higher transmission rate than PCI interface
not necessary to pass through CPU when
transmitting data
working frequency: 66 MHz
new AGP standard: up to 266 MHz

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
USB bus
enhance the communication between computer
devices
transmission rate of USB 1.0: 12 Mbps
transmission rate of USB 2.0: 480 Mbps
provide electrical power to the peripheral
support plug-and-play and hot plug feature

Module B: Part B
3.3 Buses
IEEE 1394 bus
high-speed peripheral device standard defined by
IEEE
use bus concept to connect peripheral devices and
computer system
support plug-and-play feature

Module B: Part B
3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

and Ports
Expansion slot
a socket via which a
circuit board can be
inserted into the main
board

Module B: Part B

and Ports
Expansion bus
allow CPU to communicate with the peripheral
device attached to the card
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): slowest
expansion bus
VESA local bus: Fast expansion bus

Module B: Part B

and Ports
Expansion board
add new devices or
capability to the
computer
also called:
expansion card,
adapter card,
interface card,
add-in and add-on

Module B: Part B

and Ports
Expansion port
an interface that connects a peripheral device to
the computer
Serial port
old I/O port
connect mouse and modem to system unit
send data one bit at a time
Parallel port
send 8 bits of data across 8 parallel wires
simultaneously
connect printer to system unit
Module B: Part B

and Ports
common
ports

Module B: Part B

and Ports

Module B: Part B
3.5 DMA and Interrupts

DMA
allow data to be sent directly from an attached
device to the main memory without CPU’s
involvement
use DMA controller to move data from one
location to another
Fast:
dedicated hardware transfers the data
require only one or two R/W bus cycles per transfer
free from other activities

Module B: Part B

Interrupt
a signal sent from a device attached to a
computer or from a program within the computer
cause the OS to stop and figures out what to do
next
Interrupt handler
prioritize the interrupts
save the interrupts in a queue

Module B: Part B

Hardware interrupt occurs when
an I/O operation is completed
Software interrupt occurs when
an application program terminates or requests
certain services from OS
Hardware interrupt request (IRQ)
communication line between a device and the
CPU
computer will not work properly after wrong IRQ
assignments

Module B: Part B

Allocation of IRQ

Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module B
END

Module B Power Point ModB - ch03 - Eng

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Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module B

3.1 Units of Memory

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page2

3.2 Memory Systems

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page3

3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

Transfer accessed data Transfer some data to

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.2 Memory Systems

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3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

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3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

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3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

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3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

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3.4 Expansion Standard: Slot, Buses

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page25

3.5 DMA and Interrupts

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page26

3.5 DMA and Interrupts

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3.5 DMA and Interrupts

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page28

3.5 DMA and Interrupts

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page29

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