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Huawei Confidential
Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile
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Objectives
After studying this course, you should be able to:
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Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
WCDMA Principle
Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Multipath Environment
Transmitted signal
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Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
dB
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Fading
Rx power (dBm) -20
Fast fading
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
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Distance (m)
Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband System
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Broadband System
Transmit Signal
f
Received Signal
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Channel analog
Channel analog
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
FDMA
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Questions
Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-
interference performance?
Why is the WCDMA system more secure? Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?
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Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving. Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps). In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific service.
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Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code repetition or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
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Source coding
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
Radio link
Source decoding
De-spreading
De-scrambling
Demodulation
RF reception
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A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop. The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source coding
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3). Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source coding
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Interleaving
Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact
Ist interleaving
B0 1 9 .
B1 2 10 .
B2 3 11 .
B3 4 12 .
B4 5 13 .
B5 6 14 .
B6 7 15 .
B7 8 16 .
....
2nd interleaving
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
{A4,B0}
{B5,C1}
{B6,C2}
{B7,C3}
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Different users adopt different spreading code words, such as x1(t) , x2(t) .
Self correlation determines multipath interference. Mutual correlation determines multiple access interference.
Self-correlation function
R() =<x1(t) x1(t+) >
Mutual-correlation function
V() =<x1(t) x2(t+) >
Note: <x1(x)x2(y)> = 1, when x1=x2 , and x = y 0, others
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Spreading Principle
Source coding
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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De-spreading Principle
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3 uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
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Spreading Principle
____________ UE1: UE2: c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 1 _____________ +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2:
UE1xc1: UE2xc2:
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
+1 +1 +1 +1
-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 UE2xc2:
-2 0
-2
0 +2 0 +2
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De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision: UE2 de-spreading with c2: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision :
-2 0
-2 -1 +2
0 +1 0
+2 0 +2 -1 +1 -1 -2 0 -4 -4/4 = -1 -2
+1 -1 +1 0 +2 0 +4 +4/4 = +1
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 -2 -4 -4/4 = -1 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 +4 +4/4 = +1
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Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and their mutual correlation is zero.
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interference come from? Comes from the code error during the transfer. If there are some code error on one users information, it misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.
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1 +2 0 +2
+1 -1 +1 -1 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4/4=-1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 +2 0 +2 +4 +4/4=1
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Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different downlink scrambles.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE identifies a cell based on the scramble. The OVSF code is used to differentiate different users in a cell.
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Gold sequence
The gold sequence is used to differentiate the cells and users in the WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
Good self correlation determines the weak mutual correlation among the segmented sequences, and thus can be used to differentiate users and realize the multiple access function.
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Advantages: The gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization and features high system flexibility and security.
The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode. It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code interference than the m sequence.
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a2Tbit = Ebit Allowed maximum interference level of the system Demodulation threshold
Gain
Echip
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Signal combination f
The CDMA broadband spreading technology effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
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Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength
Combiner
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used.
Frequency diversity
different bit rate and QoS requirement. Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates
High spectral efficiency
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Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 WCDMA Principle Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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operation
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location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open
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The 3.84 MHz bandwidth enables Frequency hopping the air interface to use the rake receiver for multipath diversity. Load-based packet scheduling Supported by the protocol to improve downlink capacity Timeslot-based scheduling in GPRS Not supported by the standard but can be applied.
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Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75 Kbps to 12.2 Kbps. Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve capacity. Provides high-fidelity voice modes. Supports fast power control.
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Supports up to 14.4 Mbps data services HSDPA and HSUPA Supports packet switching. Can evolution to All-IP structure. Provides QoS control. Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses) Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data services, including the voice, videophone and video conference.
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Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system. This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA FDD mode.
After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
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Thank You !
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