Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Mobility was the requirement of the 90s, first in communications and then in computing.
rapidly
Current technology (devices, access) makes mobile computing feasible, but present support for it is limited.
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Various definitions of mobile computing: not the same as wireless computing nomadic (or location-independent) computing Our interest is in supporting users who work from multiple locations, and whose means of connection to their home system may take different forms at different times. Emphasis to date has been on functionality, with little attention to performance.
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Seamless mobility
connect
from any location, at any time convenience of use (no extra setup, plug and play) same computing environment, same services, consistent interfaces, regardless of location
Mobile users may be willing to sacrifice some performance for mobility, but only some.
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Technical Challenges
Networking
Challenges
communications issues: protocols (old and new), technologies (old and new) accommodating host relocations network services to mobile users (e.g., mobile multicast)
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Technical Challenges
Other
(continued)
Challenges
device
design: size and weight, usability energy conservation security, authentication, authorization application development . . .
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with Carey Williamson, Vineet Chikarmane, Wayne Mackrell with Carey Williamson , Tim Harrison, Wayne Mackrell with Venkat Josyula with Kevin Froese
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The problem:
IP routing is based on the network component of a hosts IP address, which is bound inextricably with its location. Moving to a new location means acquiring a new IP address and then informing all correspondents. Roaming must be handled on an ad hoc case-by-case basis (by individual users, system administrators, or both).
Mobile IP aims to provide for seamless relocation by providing services to mobile users as if they were at their home network.
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Mobile IP: How It Works unit registers with the foreign network upon arrival. Home Agent and Foreign Agent cooperate to deliver IP datagrams to the mobile unit.
Mobile
forwarding
Mobile
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Datagram forwarding
HA tells local nodes and routers to send MNs datagrams to it HA intercepts datagrams intended for MN, then encapsulates and forwards them to MNs care-of address IP header
To: care-of address IP header To: mobile node datagram payload
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What are the implications of integrating wireless connections into the internetworking fabric? Our focus was TCP, with emphasis on short range connections:
tests
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Wireless Computing
Existing wireless technologies (such as infrared, radio or cellular) can be employed for signal propagation Can provide for tetherless computing Wireless links are characterized by
For wireless links to integrate seamlessly into the internet, TCP must work well over wireless connections since TCP/IP is the basis for many current network applications
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TCP congestion management: uses loss as congestion indicator TCP timers: use delays for timeouts and retransmissions
Proposed solution:
sender manages end-to-end packet transmission a (transparent) proxy looks after loss on the wireless link
caches packets from sender for transmission over wireless link performs retransmissions of dropped packets ACKS from receiver flow through to sender
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Sender
Receiver
Proxy
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Proxy OFF
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Summary of Findings
Design decisions within TCP present problems when applications run over wireless (lossy) links. These problems have a profound impact on end-to-end performance of the application. While proxy solutions cannot affect the loss, they can control TCPs response to it and thus improve end-to-end performance.
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Mobile users want access to remotely stored files, regardless of current type of connection.
this research is focused on maintaining acceptable file access performance across different forms of connection.
The ultimate distributed file system File caching at the client is fundamental to any solution.
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Goal is to provide effective file system service to mobile clients. Optimistic caching of file replicas at the client is a key to availability. Project considered impact on performance of
configuration issues, at the client and on the network cache management strategies demand characteristics
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high-bandwidth connection is available, over which read and write operations are serviced file caching can improve performance (by reducing latency) the conventional distributed file system
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misses are fatal updates to file system are logged at the client upon reconnection, replay of logged events reintegrates changes with home file system
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low-bandwidth connection is available read misses are no longer fatal asynchronous write backs provide for reintegration of logged changes with home file system, but must share the bandwidth available with reads reads should have priority
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Project Objectives
To
investigate performance issues relating to mobility-aware file caching using trace-driven simulations.
configuration policy
parameters:
parameters:
measures
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Sample Results
Lotto
NoWB, PWB
Resource tradeoff
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Summary of Findings
It is possible to provide quite acceptable remote file service to weakly connected mobile clients, even when very little bandwidth is available.
Reads can be serviced in a timely manner. Even very simple write-back policies can provide timely reintegration. Requires only reasonably sized caches at the mobile client.
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http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/
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Concluding Remarks
Mobile functionality is available now, but performance remains an issue. What the future holds:
Better devices for mobile users. Seamless and transparent mobility. Better mobility infrastructure.
Mobile IP everywhere: foreign agent capabilities at conference sites, hotels, airports, ... widespread support for wireless access: base stations on many networks
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