TOPIC :

PREMISIS , ARGUMENT
AND
CONCLUSION

PRESENTED TO
MADAM FOZIA
PRESENTED BY
SAGEER KHAN
 ARGUMENT
In logic, an argument is a set of
statements, consisting of a number of
premises, a number of inferences, and a
conclusion, which is said to have the
following property: if the premises are
true, then the conclusion must be true or
highly likely to be true
 INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
  An inductive argument is one in which the
conclusion is probable based on the
premises. In an inductive argument the
conclusion goes beyond the premises
 DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

A deductive argument is one in which the

conclusion is certain based on the
premises. In a deductive argument the
conclusion is contained in the premises.
 Formal arguments and
mathematical arguments
In mathematics, an argument can often be
formalized by writing each of its statements in a
formal language such as first-order Peano
Arithmetic. A formalized argument should have
the following properties:
 its premises are clearly identified as such
each of the inferences is justified by appeal to a
specific rule of reasoning of the formal language
in which the argument is written
 the conclusion of the argument appears as the
final inference
Logical arguments in science
Less subjective criteria for validity of
arguments are often clearly desirable, and
in some cases we should even expect an
argument to be rigorous, that is, to adhere
to precise rules of validity. This is the case
for arguments used in mathematical
proofs. Note that a rigorous proof does not
have to be a formal proof.
 PREMISIS
 A STATEMENT WHICH IS BASED ON REASONING
 In discourse, a premise (also "premise" in British
usage) is a claim that is a reason (or element of a
set of reasons) for, or objection against, some
other claim. In other words, it is a statement
presumed true within the context of the discourse
for the purposes of arguing to a conclusion.
Premises are sometimes stated explicitly by way
of disambiguation or for emphasis, but more
often they are left tacitly understood as being
obvious or self-evident ("it goes without saying"),
or not conducive to succinct discourse.
 PREMISIS
For example, in the argument
 Socrates is mortal, since all men are
It is evident that a tacitly understood claim is that
Socrates is a man. The fully expressed
reasoning is thus:
 Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man,
it follows that Socrates is mortal.
In this example, the first two independent clauses
preceding the comma (namely, "all men are
mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the
premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the
conclusion.
 CONCLUSION
A conclusion is a final proposition,
which is arrived at after the
consideration of evidence,
arguments or premises.
 Scientific Research

In research and experimentation,

conclusions are determinations made by
studying the results of preeceding work
within some methodology (for example the
scientific method). These often take the
form of theories. The conclusion is
typically the result of a discussion of the
premises. Without a discussion of the
premises, there is no conclusion, only
assertions and without evidence, it is an
allegation. Naturally, the accuracy of a
given conclusion is dependent on the truth
of the chosen
 Academic Research

A conclusion is the final section of an essay in

which the writer ties together what was
presented in the passage, summing up the main
point, explaining how the thesis was proven, and
successfully closing the discussion. The
conclusion is often the most difficult part of an
essay to write, and many writers feel that they
have nothing left to say after having presented
points proving their thesis in the body of the
paper. However, the conclusion is often the part
of the paper that a reader remembers best, and
thus must be effective to be strong. This
definition also applies more broadly to any
progressive academic or artistic work. Compare
with Introduction (essay).