Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

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OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROGRAM: Understand & use of Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing as specified by ASME Y14.5-1994

For smooth integration into engineering design systems (Specification) Modern inspection systems(Interpretation)
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Prerequisite for the Program:

Adequate knowledge of reading of production drawings

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Introduction: Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a method for stating and interpreting design requirements. GD&T is an international system of symbolic language, and is simply another tool available to make engineering drawings a better means of communication from design through manufacturing and inspection.
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Advantages of GD&T:
Uniformity in design practice Fewer misinterpretations Interchangeability Ensured Design requirements specified explicitly Latest gaging techniques accommodated Lower production costs Maximum tolerance allocation Higher production yields Less rework or scrap
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Structure of Presentation:
Begins with basic principles Builds with applications-oriented concepts. Complex material is presented in a building-block approach with examples illustrating each concept. End-of-chapter evaluations further reinforce the explanations given in each section.. Completely covers the material in ASME Y14.5M-1994 (Some drawing examples are dimensioned and Chapter1 toleranced in inches and some in millimeters) 7

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Structure of Presentation:
Does not Prescribe design or engineering practices State design requirements Specify inspection techniques

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NOTE: Sometimes it is necessary to state how something is to be manufactured or inspected (Cylinder Bore) Drawings in this presentation are not complete production drawings, but only illustrate the principles / concepts.
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DRIVERS OF GD&T: Demand for Products Demand for Accuracy Interchangeability Globalization(Design anywhere)

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Historic Background:
American Military standard American Standards Association ASA Y 14.5 1956

ANSI - Complete system of Symbology for geometric form & positional tolerances Y 14.5M 1983 Dimensioning & Tolerancing
ASME Released Y14.5-1994 (A little closer to ISO)(1995 Latest)
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GD&T: Standardized Method for stating and interpreting design requirements. International system of symbolic language

Tool available to make engineering drawings a better means of communication from design through manufacturing and inspection.(Sri Nagasamy)
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What is a Standard? A model or Rule with which other similar things are to be compared Internationally applicable

To improve
Communication

Control
Productivity
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Change:
The most constant thing in society
Updation to make the standard useful to the industry

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WHY GD&T?
Adds clarity to our coordinate system of dimensioning In Coordinate System, a part of the designer's intent was always left to interpretation by the craftsman (i.e., dimension origin, form profile and orientation).

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WHY GD&T?
Most significant difference between the two systems is the location of round features Coordinate system had a square tolerance zone, which allowed some good parts to be rejected

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GD&T IS NOT A REPLACEMENT

The coordinate system is not being replaced entirely with GD&T. GD&T is specified to enhance the coordinate system as required by design. GD&T symbols, provide a means of completely specifying uniformity and describing the designer's intent.

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GD&T IS NOT A REPLACEMENT

Symbols eliminate most of the drawing misinterpretation by not having notes in drawing margins and by not having complete textual descriptions of features and design requirements. (Poka-Yoke)(XT - Brake part design)

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COMPLETE SPECIFICATION: Complete specification of design requirements possible with symbols Symbols allow the designer to specify maximum tolerances for parts that must assemble with other parts.

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COMPLETE SPECIFICATION: These maximum tolerances also ensure the interchangeability of parts. The use of symbols for complete specification is becoming increasingly important with the growing interrelated ownerships of companies around the world.
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ADVANTAGES: Two key principles for applying GD&T Function Relationship of parts in an assembly.

Method of specifying feature location.

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ADVANTAGES:

In the past, features were located with the coordinate system. The coordinate system is a method of Tolerancing that uses a plus/minus tolerance. Plus and minus tolerances are specified for lengths, widths, diameters, shapes, and locations.
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Misinterpretation?
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An illustration of how drawings may be dimensioned and toleranced with the coordinate system is shown in Figure 1-1. This method of Tolerancing permits the length and diameters to vary by a plus/minus value. It also allows the maker of the part to put the center hole wherever he or she desires. By looking at the drawing, we can only assume that the hole is centered. This is an example of a drawing being left open to misinterpretation by anyone reading it.
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An example of how holes are specified with the coordinate system is shown in Figure 1-2. The tolerance as specified establishes a square tolerance zone based on the plus/minus five thousandths of an inch tolerance in the x and y directions. There is no consideration for the actual mating size. The tolerance zone is ten thousandths of an inch on each side of square regardless of the actual mating size.
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Zone of Tolerance

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Zone of Tolerance
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Permitted zone of Tolerance by Coordinate System

Permissible zone of Tolerance by Design Intent

Calculate the Loss of Tolerance field??
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Area of Square = (d / Sqrt2)**2 d

Area of Circle = ( / 4) d**2 150 %

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An illustration of how the tolerance zone appears is shown in Figure 1-3. The axis of the hole or pin must be positioned in that square zone in order for the feature to be located properly. The feature may lean or slant an uncontrolled amount as long as the axis stays within the square zone.
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The designer only assumes that the feature will be produced nearly perpendicular to the material it is put into.

If the axis were in an extreme corner of this zone, the feature location is still acceptable; that radial measurement is .007 as shown in Figure 1-4.
The only place there is a .007 measurement is from the center to any corner.
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That .007 should be usable all around the desired true position, as illustrated in the example in Figure 1-5. GD&T provides a method of specifying a tolerance zone that takes the shape of the feature into consideration if so desired by the designer.

GD&T also allows consideration for the feature's actual local size for calculating total tolerance. Chapter1

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The symbolic method of specifying design intent eliminates most misinterpretation of drawing notes. The proper application of geometric tolerances ensures the interchangeability of parts.

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EXERCISE:
1. Drawings are the primary .tool between designers and manufacturing.

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ANSWERS FOR EXERCISE:

1. Drawings are the primary communication tool between designers and manufacturing.

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2. GD&T is a system made up of ...primarily .

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2. GD&T is a system made up of symbols primarily.

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3. The GD&T standard is one of the standards maintained by the .

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3. The GD&T standard is one of the standards maintained by the ASME.

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EXERCISE:
4. GD&T adds to the coordinate dimensioning system and ensures of mating when specific ...is required.

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4. GD&T adds to the coordinate dimensioning system and ensured of mating when specific clarity is required.

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5. GD&T does not . the coordinate dimensioning and tolerancing system.

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ANSWERS FOR EXERCISE:

5. GD&T does not replace the coordinate dimensioning and tolerancing system.

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6. GD&T at best can be described as a dimensioning and tolerancing system.

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6. GD&T an best be described as a total dimensioning and tolerancing system.

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EXERCISE:
7.GD&T is used to control the.. of a part feature and its relationship to other features.

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ANSWERS FOR EXERCISE:

7.GD&T is used to control the form of a part feature and its relationship to other features.

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8. GD&T is also used to control feature & .

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8. GD&T is also used to control feature size & location

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9. The key principles of GD&T are . & .

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9. The key principles of GD&T are Function & Relationship.

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EXERCISE:
10. Two advantages of the GD&T system are maximum & ensured of mating parts.

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ANSWERS FOR EXERCISE:

10. Two advantages of the GD&T system are maximum tolerances & ensured interchangeability of mating parts.

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11. The total amount that a part size may vary is a size..

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11. The total amount that a part size may vary is a size tolerance

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12. A common method used to specify a tolerance for the nominal size of a feature is .. values.

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12. A common method used to specify a tolerance for the nominal size of a feature is (+ /-) values.

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THANK YOU

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