Team members:

NIRMAL MEHTA SAMBHAV JAIN ASHWIN .V.M RAGHAVENDRA.M.JADHAV

 Synchronous

Motor-Introduction Synchronous Motor-principle Changing the Load Starting Torque Method of starting Synchronous Motor Construction Main features Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram V curves Torque versus Speed Advantages and disadvantages Application References

Like most rotating machine a synchronous machine can also operate as both a generator and a motor. A synchronous motor is a machine that converts ac electrical power to mechanical power at a constant speed called synchronous speed. A synchronous motor is DOUBLE EXCITED MACHINE. Its rotor poles are excited by DC and its stator windings are connected to the ac supply. The air gap flux is, therefore, the resultant of fluxes due to both rotor current and stator current, An important feature of this motor is that it can draw either lagging or leading reactive current from the ac supply system.

 The

synchronous motor rotates at the synchronous speed i.e. the speed of the RMF Stator is similar in construction to that of an induction motor, so same principle is applied to the synchronous motor rotor. Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF caused by stator

When the stator windings of a 3-phase synchronous motor are supplied with rated 3-phase supply, a rotating field of constant magnitude travelling at synchronous speed, given by the expression 120f/P is developed. As the rotor is excited from dc supply, so the poles of the rotor retain the same polarity throughout but the polarity of the stator poles changes as it is connected to an ac supply. As a result the torque acting on the rotor is not unidirectional but pulsating one (the direction of instantaneous torque on the rotor reverses every half cycle) and due to inertia of rotor, it does not move in any direction. So synchronous motor has got no self starting torque. But if once the rotor starts rotating at synchronous speed, which is possible by external means, the rotor poles get locked magnetically with stator poles and the rotor also rotates at synchronous speed. Thus electrical power is converted into mechanical power.

The rotor acting as a bar magnet will turn to line up with the rotating magnet field. The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition

An increase in the load will cause the rotor to lag the stator field but still maintain synchronous speed. Increase in load has increased the torque component, but the field strength has decreased due to the increase in length of the air gap between the rotor and the stator.
If the synchronous motor is overloaded it pulls out of synchronism and comes to rest. The minimum amount of torque which causes this is called the pull out torque.

Lightly loaded motor

Heavily loaded motor

8

 It

cannot be started from a standstill by applying ac to the stator. When ac is applied to the stator a high speed RMF appears around the stator. This RMF rushes past the rotor poles so quickly that the rotor is unable to get started. It is attracted first in one direction and then in the other and hence no starting torque.

 Using

a small dc motor. Ac motor. Self starting: damper winding or squirrel cage AC supply given to the stator produces a rotating magnetic field which causes the rotor to rotate. Therefore, in the beginning synchronous motor provided with damper winding starts as a squirrel cage induction motor. Rotor gets magnetically locked by the rotating field of the stator at about 95% of synchronous speed and motor runs as synchronous motor.
10

11

 The

three phase armature winding is on the stator and is wound for the same number of poles as the rotor. The rotor of a synchronous motor can be of salient pole or cylindrical pole type of construction.(generally salient pole-high speed m.c). Additional winding,called the damper winding is mounted on the rotor. Damper windings provide a means of starting the synchronous motor and stability during load transient. Armature winding is energized from a.c source and its field winding from d.c source

 It

runs either at synchronous speed or not at all.That is,while running it maintains a constant speed.The speed is independent of load. It is not inherently self-starting.It has to be run upto synchronous speed by some means before it can be synchronized to the supply. It can be operated under wide range of power factors both lagging and leading. It will stall if,while running,the counter torque is increased beyond the maximum torque that the machine can develop.

17

18

Advantages.
1) These motors can be made to operate at leading power factor and thereby improve the power factor of an industrial plant from one that is normally lagging to one that is close to unity. 2) This motor operates at a constant speed, irrespective of load, from no-load to full load. 3) Electromagnetic power varies linearly with the applied voltage. 4) These motors can be constructed with wider air gapes than induction motors making them mechanically better. 5) Efficiency of operation is usually high, especially in the low speed and unity power factor ranges.

Disadvantages
1) These motors cannot be used for variable speed jobs as there is no possibility of speed adjustment.

2) It requires external source for supplying dc excitation

3) It cannot be started under load, the starting torque being zero 4) It may fall out of synchronism and stop when overloaded. 5) Collector rings and brushes are required.

The self-commutated synchronous motor or BLDC motor has applications from several micro-watt to several dozens of kW,and more rarely beyond,generally for variable speeds: For low power:applications watch and clock drives,peripheral devices for computers,medical and automotive domains. For medium-sized power:automotive,machine tools,robotics,production installations,etc.

 For

high power:some electric vehicles(cars,trolleybuses),large production facilities,etc. power limitation is mainly linked to the cost and implementation of magnets.

 www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com www.whatis.com Electric

Machines(second edition)Ashfaq Husain Electric Drives-Marcel Jufer