Interdependences and Integrated Systems of Waste Management

International Atomic Energy Agency
Interdependences and Integrated Systems of Waste Management
Z.Drace
INTEGRATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
The term "waste management system" refers to strongly interconnected combination of various organizing, legislative, technical, economic and administrative issues. When the strategy used in the planning and implementation of the waste management programme is logically structured and optimized with respect to all organizational and technical aspects, including definite disposal opportunities, and takes into account all the
elements involved, an integrated waste management system is obtained.

2
INTEGRATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The presently achieved level of overall national integration may differ from one Member State to another, depending upon a number of objective issues, such as, for instance:
the extent of the nuclear program; the level of completeness of the legal framework and its organizational structure with regard to the assignment of responsibilities to all the parties involved; the time-scale of strategic decisions on disposal options and sitting; the strategic decisions of national or regional centralization of radioactive waste processing, storage and disposal infrastructure; the strategic decisions on combining processing and/or storage, and/or disposal of radioactive waste (e.g. institutional waste, waste from nuclear power plants, waste from fuel cycle operations, waste from decommissioning activities).
3
The development and implementation of radioactive waste management
policy and strategy
International obligations (treaties, agreements, conventions)
Government Parliament
Formulate policy statement

National circumstances (energy policy, resources, waste inventory)
National legislative system Ministries Regulators Implement policy National RWM infrastructure
Funding system
RWM agency RWM generators
Elaborate strategy
Technical infrastructure, resources, time constraints
Implement strategy
Technical options
THE NEED FOR SPENT FUEL AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY
as a basis for the preparation of related legislation; to define roles and responsibilities for ensuring the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste; as a starting point for the development of national spent fuel and radioactive waste management programmes (strategies); as a starting point for further developments and modifications to the existing national practices to provide for the safety and sustainability of radioactive waste management over generations and for the adequate allocation of financial and human resources over time; and to enhance public confidence in relation to the subject of spent fuel and radioactive waste management.
THE NEED FOR SPENT FUEL AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
The set of declared national goals and requirements for the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste has to be translated into a more practical and operational form, or strategy, to provide for their implementation. Strategies are needed to:
specify how the national radioactive waste management and spent fuel policy will be implemented by the responsible organizations using the available technical measures and financial resources; define how and when the identified goals and requirements will be achieved; identify the competencies needed for achieving the goals and how they will be provided; elaborate the ways in which the various types of radioactive waste in the country, including, where appropriate, spent fuel, will be managed during all phases of the radioactive waste lifecycle (from cradle to grave); and to enhance public confidence in relation to the subject of spent fuel and radioactive waste management.
PREREQUISITES FOR POLICY DEVELOPMENT
Present national legal framework The existing national legal structure and regulatory framework and their suitability for implementing policies for the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. Present institutional structure The existing institutional structure, (regulatory body, radioactive waste management organization and facilities) within the country for the management of radioactive waste and spent fuel. Applicable international conventions The applicable international instruments and the obligations placed on the country as a result of these instruments. The Joint Convention [2] is clearly relevant here but other conventions, such as the London Convention, 1972 [8] (as related to radioactive waste dumping at sea), and the Ospar Convention [9] (as related to the discharge of radioactive materials to the NE Atlantic Ocean) may be relevant for some countries. Present national policies and strategies The content of existing relevant national policies, if any, in relation to spent fuel and radioactive waste management and the existence of applicable strategies which would be available in response to any policy development. Spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory Indicative national inventories (amounts and types) of existing and anticipated spent fuel and radioactive waste. Availability of resources The scale of the resources (human, financial, technical) that are available in the country to facilitate implementation of the policy. Situation in other countries The waste management solutions being used in the region and the facilities/technologies available in other countries that potentially could be shared. Stakeholder involvement The main parties concerned and involved with spent fuel and radioactive waste management in the country.
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PREREQUISITES FOR STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
In order to develop or update a national strategy or the strategy of one of the implementing organizations, the persons involved should, amongst other things, have an understanding of the topics listed below. Inventory of spent fuel and radioactive waste Estimates of the amounts and types of existing and future spent fuel and radioactive waste in the country. Waste classification The national classification scheme for radioactive waste. Waste characterization The chemical and physical characteristics of the radioactive waste, the owners and locations of the spent fuel and radioactive waste. Waste management strategies in other countries The strategies being used for managing similar waste types in other countries. Existing waste management facilities A knowledge of existing and planned facilities for radioactive waste and spent fuel management in the country. Availability of resources Details of the funds and available expertise to support spent fuel and radioactive waste management activities in the country. Existing regulatory regime The existing regulatory regime related to the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. Stakeholder expectations and interests The expectations and interests of the main parties concerned and involved with spent fuel and radioactive waste management in the country.
Technical System Basic Steps
Predisposal waste management goal

Predisposal management of radioactive waste includes all stages or activities in the management of radioactive waste from its generation to ultimate presentation for discharge within authorized limits or disposal. The overall objective of predisposal radioactive waste management is to minimize the integrated detriment from the handling, processing and storage of radioactive waste, through all waste management stages. Predisposal management of radioactive waste is a part of the integrated radioactive waste management process which includes disposal or discharge of radioactive waste as the ultimate goal. When discharge is not appropriate then, if a disposal route has been defined, the main objective of predisposal radioactive waste management is to convert the waste into a form suitable for safe transport and disposal. Where a disposal route has not yet been defined, the main objective is to convert the waste into a form that can be safely stored and retrieved and will not unreasonably foreclose options for future disposal.
10
Predisposal waste management planning
Waste generators or operators of a facility dealing with radioactive waste are responsible for identifying, on an appropriate time-scale, a destination for their waste that is in accordance with the legal requirements and acceptable to the government or the Regulatory Body, and for seeking any necessary authorization. In general, the following destination options could be considered: Exemption of the waste from nuclear regulatory control; Recovery of valuable products from the waste streams for recycling and reuse; Discharge within authorized limits, keeping the ALARA principles in mind; Processing of the waste to produce packages acceptable for safe storage and retrieval; Processing of the waste to produce packages acceptable for disposal; Temporary on-site storage of unprocessed waste or spent fuel; Storage of waste or waste packages to take benefit of radioactive decay or pending a disposal route; and Transfer to another operator for processing, storage and/or disposal.
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Schematic Approach to waste management processing technologies selection
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Interdependencies 1/1
The technical considerations have a strong bearing on the formulation of a national strategy. This implies that the technical decisions influencing the overall strategy cannot be separated from the decisions involving the legal, economic, financial, institutional and public decision-making processes. In this regard a few examples should assist in clarifying the principle involved: The choice of technologies to perform certain operations as part of the overall waste management process has a clear bearing on the safety and environmental aspects and hence on the regulatory (and other legal) requirements applying to these operations. The technologies utilized need to be selected in a manner commensurate with the organizations requirements for economic efficiency and financial prudence applicable to the organization.
13
Interdependencies 1/2
The technologies selected to perform specific waste management functions within the responsible implementing organizations need to be consistent with and capable of being properly constructed, operated, maintained and upgraded (where necessary) in compliance with regulatory requirements. The technologies to be selected need to be of a type that is acceptable or justifiable to the stakeholders involved in the environmental impact assessment process. In this regard there are certain types of technologies that need to take into account stakeholder sensitivities, such as for example incineration or disposal technologies.
14
Overview of Technical Options for Radioactive Waste Management 1/2

Waste type Waste class Source Treatment Concentrated stream form Concentrated stream conditioning Lean stream form Lean stream conditioning
Disposal option of conditioned waste Surface trench, NSDF NSDF
Liquid
Exempt VSLW VLLW
Diverse sources Reactor, research, medical use Decommissioning of reactor, research, site remediation, medical use Reactor, isotope production facility, U mines &mills, fuel fabrication plant, reprocessing plant
Storage for decay Storage for decay, evaporation, membrane processes, ion exchange Storage for decay, chemical treatment, ion exchange, membrane processes, evaporation
Liquid, resin, membrane
Cementation
Liquid Liquid
Discharge Discharge Discharge
LLW
Sludge, spent resin, membrane, liquid
Bitumination, cementation, polymerisation, high integrity container Bitumination, cementation Vitrification
Liquid
Discharge
ILW
Reactor, reprocessing plant
Chemical treatment, ion exchange, evaporation Evaporation
Sludge, spent resin, liquid Liquid, sludge
LLW liquid ILW liquid Liquid, gas
See: LLW liquid See: ILW liquid Recycle, discharge
Geological repository Geological repository NSDF
HLW
Reprocessing plant
Organi c LILW
Laboratory, reactor, reprocessing plant
Incineration, sorption, distillation, wet oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis Filtration, sorption, scrubbing
Filter, sorbent, organic liquid
Cementation, polymerisation
Gaseou s and airborne particles
LLW
Reactors, isotope production facility, waste processing
Filters, sorption beds, liquids
Compaction/ overpacking, cementation Cementation, compaction/ overpacking
Gas
Discharge
NSDF
ILW
Reprocessing plant, waste immobilization plant
Scrubbing, absorption, adsorption, HEPA filtration
Filters, concentrated liquid
Gas
Discharge
NSDF
15
Overview of Technical Options for Radioactive Waste Management 2/2
Waste type
Waste class
Source
Treatment
Concentrate d stream form

Solids -
Concentrated stream conditioning
Lean strea m form

Solid Solid Solid
Lean stream conditionin g

Recycle, discharge Recycle, discharge Recycle/ discharge -
Disposal option of conditioned waste
Solid
Exem pt VSLW VLLW
Diverse sources Research Medical use Site remediation research, reactor decommissioning, medical use Reactor, isotope production facility, fuel fabrication plant, reprocessing plant Reactors, reprocessing plant
Storage for decay Storage for decay, fragmentation Compaction, incineration, fragmentation, melting Compaction, fragmentation -
Surface trench, NSDF NSDF
LLW
Solid, ingots
Grouting, overpacking
ILW
Solid
Grouting
NSDF, geological repository BOSS, geological repository
HLW
Disused radioactive sources
Solid
Overpacking
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Disposal Routs
Disposal is the final step in the radioactive waste management. It consists of emplacement of radioactive waste in a licensed disposal facility without the intention of retrieval and without reliance on long-term surveillance and maintenance after the regulatory authority has declared it complies with the required conditions. Although preferred approach is to dispose of most types of radioactive waste by concentration and containment, disposal may also comprise the discharge of effluents into the environment within authorized limits, with subsequent dispersion. For all practical purposes this is an irreversible action and is considered suitable only for limited amounts of specific radioactive waste. Outmost consideration has to be put on carefully choosing the disposal option. Once a disposal option is preferred, many of the performances of the predisposal system are mostly set up. Disposal options have to take care of radioactive life of the radioisotopes in the waste and its associated level of activity. Disposal options require a deep understanding of waste streams but also a clear knowledge of national characteristics as geological possibilities, technical background and public acceptance.
17
Disposal Routs
Simple categories could be clearly stated at first, so at early planning stages they provide a helpful map of possibilities:
Short-lived low level waste. Disposal technologies are mostly oriented to near surface disposal of the waste, if clay or another type of water-resistant material is available at potential site, to avoid long-term leaks to underground waters. Short-lived, low and medium level waste. That could be disposed of in repositories either of near surface type, or of underground facilities type. The key issue to choose between of these two systems, is the relative content of long-lived isotopes mainly alpha-emitters. Other considerations are population density close to the sites nominated for the repository or social restrictions linked to desirable levels of long-term safety. Long-lived waste, either low level, or long-lived waste with high activity and thermal output. Most of the technical and scientific communities agree that underground repository is the most suitable way of disposing of such waste. Underground repository requires a high technical capacity to find a suitable geology, so the host-rock could provide a permanent and reliable natural barrier to radionuclides.
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Disposal Routs
In order to choose the proper type of process for the radioactive waste management when no disposal facility has been established, assumptions have to be made about the likely disposal option. Consideration has then to be given to the potential conflict between the need to contain and store the waste in a passive, safe condition and the desirability of retaining flexibility in waste form , to avoid prejudicing the choice of eventual disposal options.
In predisposal management of radioactive waste and spent fuel, decisions often have to be made at a time when a disposal facility is not available and the waste acceptance requirements for the repository are still unknown. A similar situation would arise if radioactive waste were to be stored for safety reasons or other reasons over extended periods of time. In both cases it should still be considered whether, from the point of view of safety, the radioactive waste should be stored in a raw, treated or conditioned form. In making such decisions, the anticipated needs of any future steps in radioactive waste management shall, as far as possible, be considered and applied in processing of the waste
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Proposed New Radioactive Waste Classification Scheme
HLW high level waste (deep geologic disposal)
Ac tivi ty co nte nt
LLW low level waste (near surface disposal) VSLW very short lived waste (decay storage)
ILW intermediate level waste (intermediate depth disposal)
VLLW very low level waste (landfill disposal) EW exempt waste (exemption / clearance) Time
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Overview of Recommended Management End-Points for Particular Waste
Streams
END POINT Radioactive waste stream Longterm storage (*) Engineer ed Surface facility Subsurface facility Geologic al repository
Decay storage
Surface trench
Dam
BOSS
Low volume
VSLW Large volume Low volume VLLW Large volume Low volume LLW Large volume Low volume ILW
NR
NR NR NR + + +
++
++ N N N N N
+
+ ++ ++ + NR N
+
+ ++ ++ + NR N
+
NR + + ++ ++ N
NR
NR NR NR ++ ++ ++
NR
NR NT NT + + ++
NR
NT NR NT + NT +
Large volume
SF/HLW Short-lived DSRS Long-lived SHARS Low volume NORM
+
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
++
N
++
++
N
N
+ + + NR
+ N N N
+ N N ++
+ N N ++
++ + N +
+ ++ ++ +
NR ++ ++ NR
+ ++ ++ NR
Large volume
Low volume Uranium M&M Large volume
NR
NR NR
N
N N
++
+ 21 +
++
++ ++
NR
+
NR
+
NR
+
NT
NR
International Atomic Energy Agency NT NR NR NR
WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK
Every country should have some form of policy

and strategies for managing its radioactive waste (including other radioactive substances that may need to be managed as waste in the future such as spent fuel, as applicable). Such policy and strategies are important as they may set out the nationally agreed position and plans for managing radioactive waste, and are visible evidence of the concern and intent of the government and the relevant organizations to ensure that radioactive waste are properly taken care of
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RW Strategy Implementation Linkages

Understanding the Nature and Scope of the Situation:
Assessing and Establishing the Current Waste Inventory and Future Waste Forecasts
Policy Development and Updating
Policy Implementation
Strategy Development, Implementation and Updating
Technical Options
Economic Considerations
Long-term Planning
Funding Mechanism
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RW Assessment Methodology
Provides practical guidance for longer-term planning of technical options for waste management activities by use of standardized, comprehensive considerations and methodologies for performing an assessment of local, national and regional waste inventories and forecasts, and the resulting waste management needs. Covers the full range of nuclear activities, including uranium mining, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, nuclear research reactors and research centres, nuclear power plants, RWM facilities, medical isotope production and usage facilities, industrial applications, and any other facility that may generate RW or byproducts (as defined by the regulations in a Member State)
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SCOPE OF THE INVENTORY
Once the role of the inventory has been determined, it is fundamental to agree on its scope. The following must be considered:
the type of radioactive substances to be included; the level of detail; assumptions to be used; the type of data to be collected (e.g. quantity; radiological, physical and chemical properties); the type of data to be published.
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Type of waste
The waste to be considered in the inventory may include: radioactive waste from all sources identified in the Member State; disused radioactive sealed sources; radioactive materials and other radioactive substances that are not currently classified as waste (but which may become waste in the future); radioactive waste that existed at a given date (i.e. stock date) on the territory (i.e. stock or current inventory); radioactive waste that is forecast to arise on the territory beyond the stock date (i.e. future or forecast arisings); radioactive waste that has already been disposed as of the stock date; radioactive substances which are temporarily managed in another Member State or vice versa.
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Level of detail
The two main levels of detail for inventory are

location and type of data. For example, it should be specified whether the inventory will provide information that is: summarized at national, regional, organizational, site and/or facility level; compiled by specific type of collected data (e.g. by waste classification, source type, chemical content)
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Main assumptions

Policy and regulatory framework in the Member State will dictate the classification of radioactive substances, e.g.: should the radioactive substances be considered as waste or radioactive materials? should radioactive materials be considered as potentially requiring long-term management as waste in the future? In addition, the following assumptions must be made in order to derive the inventory: the stock date at which the inventory will be frozen; the period to be considered for future arisings; the type of facilities and activities from which waste will be generated; the type of scenarios for the generation of radioactive waste and usage of radioactive materials.
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Type of data to be collected

The following type of data could be collected, depending on the scope of the inventory: unit of waste or substance for which data will be collected. For example some Member States define standard waste types or categories; origin e.g. from activities associated with a nuclear power station, medical treatment and diagnosis, research; classification e.g. radioactive material or waste such as low-level waste; status e.g. stock or future waste, unconditioned or conditioned; physical state e.g. liquid, gaseous, solid and sludge; waste type e.g. solvent, metallic scrap, resins, incinerator ash; properties radiological, physical, chemical (including hazardous properties), biological quantity e.g. volume, mass or number of waste packages and arising schedules (quantity in their existing/arising or conditioned form; storage and/or disposal volume). processing options, e.g. pre-treatment, treatment and conditioning; existing and planned routes. other management steps, e.g. transport, storage and disposal; existing and planned routes.
29
Type of data to be published
The Member State should consider if and how the collected data is to be presented. Points to consider when preparing publications of the inventory (if required), include: suitability of the data for release in the public domain; type of publication and target audience (e.g. reports, tables, graphics; for the public or for technical experts); publishing all collected data in its entirety or in a selective or summary form; content of publication (e.g. data summarized at national, regional, organizational, sector level) media (e.g. paper, electronic, internet)
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STEPWISE APPROACH
To establish an inventory needs to be conducted in a systematic way. The complete inventory will typically consist of two main parts: existing stocks of waste and forecasts of future arising. The specific application in each Member State will be different, depending on the scope and degree of their past, current and planned future nuclear activities.
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Establishment of Waste Inventory

Establish criteria for inclusion in the inventory
- define the point at which a material becomes a part of the waste inventory - establish data to be collected (e.g. quantities, activities, waste type, current location, origin, etc) and its format and reporting units - if waste categories are well established or well defined, they can be specified up front. - if they are not well defined or established or are unknown, then this step should be determined after data collection
Specify waste categories to be included
Data collection: Survey of waste producers, owners, facility operators, sites, etc
- collect data from each facility or waste producer - it is important to establish and keep an up-to-date list of facilities and contacts that produce and/or manage wastes
Analysis and reconciliation of data
- group waste into logical categories - sum up data from all facilities - resolve or clarify any discrepancies
Preparation of inventory report
- level of detail needs to be sufficient for waste management planning purposes

32
Assessment of Future Waste Arisings

Typical Process for Forecasting Future Waste Arisings
Establish planning assumptions
- define timeframe for forecast (short-term, mid-term, longterm, life of facility, etc) - define facilities, programs, locations, etc to be included - define other basic assumptions important for the forecasting exercise
Specify waste categories to be included
- waste categories should be well defined and should be consistent with existing practices as established by current inventory step
Data collection: Survey of waste producers, owners, facility operators, designers, sites; forecasts from historic data; etc
- provide a standard format or template to users to simplify data interpretation, including units of measurement - collect data from each facility, waste generator or new facility designer
Analysis and reconciliation of data
- resolve or clarify any discrepancies - sum up data from all facilities, etc
Preparation of forecast arisings report
- level of detail needs to be sufficient for waste management planning purposes
33
Context of the inventory, definition and documenting boundaries and limitations

: Definition of start and end points. The inventory requires some logical bounds which will depend on the needs of the Member State. For example, will it include waste from nuclear power plants, medical, research, industrial, military, fuel cycle, mining, remediation of existing nuclear sites, existing or planned future nuclear facilities, etc? (e.g. when facility is shut down, or when it is dismantled and the waste is produced)? Scenarios for the production of radioactive waste and usage of nuclear materials. e.g. one or more scenarios such as a scenario that reflects the nuclear industry and policy in the Member State as at the stock date and/or a scenario that considers changes in specific policies. Definition of waste classes, categories, etc. It is important to determine how the waste is to be grouped in the inventory. There are many such systems in use in Member States. Some are mandated by legislation in the Member State, while others have evolved from common usage in industry. Constraints and limitations. For example, is there a point beyond which the inventory should not be extrapolated? Are there some legislative restrictions on waste management options or future waste arisings?
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Assessment of Waste Management Needs

Basic Methodology for Assessing Waste Management Needs
Enumerate assumptions and bounds for assessment
- define starting and end points of the assessment - define constraints and limitations (e.g. waste classification, categories, etc)
Determine current inventories
- establish existing waste inventory by source, classification, category, type, location, etc. - level of detail needs to be sufficient for purpose
Forecast future waste arisings
- establish planning scenarios (e.g. lifetime of future operations - gather and collate raw data inputs from waste generators - level of detail needs to be sufficient for purpose
Determine appropriate waste management options
- select reference options for treating and managing the various waste streams (e.g. to determine volume reduction factors, final waste forms, etc)
Prepare forecast of resulting future waste inventories
- based on forecast of future arisings and reference waste management options, calculate expected future waste inventory
Prepare plan of future waste management needs
- the future waste forecasts and the reference waste management options provide a basis for determining future waste management infrastructure needs (what needs to be built by when and perhaps where)
35
PREREQUISITES FOR THE WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT
In order to carry out an assessment of waste management needs for an entire Member State or the assessment for one of the implementing organizations, the following should be available or known:
Inventory of radioactive substances as appropriate (the location, amount, type and characteristics of existing and future radioactive substances in the Member State). The national radioactive waste classification system. Existing waste management infrastructure. Resources for design and construction of new facilities. Opportunities for integration (e.g. sharing of knowledge, facilities, mobile equipment, etc). Existing regulatory regime. Expectations and interests of stakeholders and other concerned parties. Waste management practices and facilities in other Member States
36
Assessing of waste management needs

Safety, environmental impact, legislation, regulations, etc Availability of resources (funds, personnel, construction materials, location) Stakeholder engagement Prioritization of work programme (e.g. best use of limited resources, hazard reduction) Timing of the need (e.g. just-in-time construction, modular capacity to stage it over time); Initial capacity required and potential future capacities for various waste types (e.g. estimating the dates when storage and/or disposal facilities will be filled); Locations for facilities (e.g. centralized vs decentralized, fixed vs mobile, does the proposed site(s) have the capacity to house all facilities required?, etc); Basic infrastructure requirements for supporting the activities (e.g. supervision, training, transportation, monitoring, maintenance, etc); Flexibility and integration (e.g. can it be used for other waste types?, can it be expanded in the future if required?, does it provide an acceptable solution for all waste types, etc); Licensing requirements (e.g. what regulations apply to this type of facility? How long does it take to obtain any necessary licenses?, etc); Method of collecting costs to ensure adequate future funding for construction, operation and decommissioning of required facilities; Periodic reevaluation, updating and auditing of the plans, especially when a significant change occurs in the forecast waste inventory (e.g. addition of new nuclear activities, results of unexpected incidents, etc.) or the reference waste management strategy (e.g. moving from storage to final disposal).
37
CHECKLIST FOR DETERMINING WASTE MANAGEMENT options

Step 1. 1 (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2. 2 (a) Element Description Specify requirements for waste management needs assessment Define role and scope of assessment Distribute responsibilities and establish conventions (including terminologies) Identify pre-requisites to complete assessment Establish an inventory of all radioactive waste to be managed Specify inventory requirements and distribute responsibilities
Define the inventory role Define the inventory scope Agree conventions and terminology to be used.
2 (b)
Develop process for collecting data
2 (c)
2 (d) 2 (e) 2 (f) 3. 3 (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d)
Prepare data
Collect and approve data (including consistency checks) Compile data and produce inventory publications Review inventory process and data quality Assess waste management needs Understanding the task Review the inventory to identify needs Screen waste management options Assess waste management needs
38
Economics of RWM
Outlines a methodology for estimating the costs of RW management activities; Assess the liability for specific WM strategy; and Provides examples of application of this methodology in a typical end-to-end evaluation of life cycle WM costs for alternative strategies Provides an evaluation of life cycle costs and liabilities for the management of wastes streams including -but not limited- to the management of legacy waste stored or disposed of in the past and newly generated RW from nuclear applications, nuclear power generation and associated nuclear fuel cycles, and closure and decommissioning of nuclear facilities including the WM facilities themselves.
39
Economics of RWM
Develop a waste management plan Note: May include several alternative scenarios Develop cost estimates for each scenario Note: In planning phase, before scenarios are chosen, indicative cost estimates can be used, based on benchmarking information Select one or two scenarios for detailed costing/analysis Note: For costing selected scenarios, detailed cost estimates are recommended, utilizing a well developed & detailed work breakdown structure Estimate liabilities and annual funding needed for each selected scenario Inputs: Detailed cost estimates for each process/life cycle cost estimates by waste management stream, including fixed and variable costs; Labour & material escalation rates; Discount rates to be used (can be prescribed by regulation); Current status of funding (if established) Outputs: Present value or current value of liability; Annual funding requirement by waste stream Financial guarantees needed (if any). Perform risk assessment Key inputs: Cost estimates uncertainty (i.e. ranges); Economic indices uncertainty (i.e. ranges); Strategy uncertainty (e.g. in-service dates of facilities) Output: Confidence in scenario(s) chosen as an input to decision making Select preferred waste management strategy
40
Institutional framework and associated responsibilities

The development of a legal framework and assignment of appropriate responsibilities is a pre-requisite to being able to assess the economics of alternative approaches to radioactive waste management.
Specific to economic assessments of radioactive waste management, there is an also identified need for legal requirements and appropriate oversight to assure funding adequacy. Legal requirements are necessary to protect against misuse of funds, claims on funds during potential financial crises, to provide mechanisms to assure that funds are structured and managed to keep pace with inflation and escalation and to provide financial guarantees in the event that funding is insufficient to safely manage radioactive waste. It is not possible to establish a specific methodology for assuring funding adequacy for all countries, as the waste ownership, operation, and financial obligations differ too radically.
41
Institutional framework and associated responsibilities

Institutional framework-ideal scenario
Segregated Fund
Contributions
Oversight
Funding
Government Ministries Nuclear Regulator -Legislation -Polices -Regulations -Oversight -Financial guarantees
Waste Management Organization Strategy formulation (e.g. for spent fuel management) Public consultation Maintain inventory database Implement long-term facilities & receive and dispose of L&ILW Implement long-term facilities & receive and dispose of spent fuel* *Often, spent fuel management responsibilities may allocated to a separate organization from that charged with management of operational LILW and decommissioning waste.
Waste Generators - Strategy and plan formulation (e.g. for LILW and decommissioning waste.) - On-site management & processing - Transport safely to in-house or third party - Processing, storage and disposal - Storage (until disposal) - Develop cost and liability estimates and make contributions to segregated funds
Waste-
42
COSTS ESTIMATES AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT Step 1
Develop a waste management plan
Facility life assumptions Forecast of waste arising by type Facilities needed (e.g. storage buildings) Opportunities to optimize/trade-off processes
Note: May include several alternative scenarios
The key inputs to the waste management plan are expected facility lifetimes, expected quantities and type of waste generation over those facilities lifetimes. These factors drive the requirements for the radioactive waste management processes and facilities and the type and timing of those facilities.
43

Develop high level cost estimates for each scenario Cost estimates by process, utilizing work breakdown structure Overall cost estimate for life cycle of each waste stream Note: In planning phase, before scenarios are chosen, indicative cost estimates can be used, based on benchmarking information This provides a quick assessment of the costs of radioactive waste management for alternative strategies and allows the waste generator to quickly assess which strategies or scenarios are worth carrying forward to a more detailed analysis.
44

Select one or two scenarios for detailed costing/analysis Develop detailed cost estimates for each process; Overall cost estimate for life cycle of each waste stream Note: For costing selected scenarios, detailed cost estimates are recommended, utilizing a well developed & detailed work breakdown structure These costs estimates need to be developed in significant detail in order to allow a proper assessment of the life cycle costs of a particular strategy, the risks around the strategy (e.g. an understanding of the fixed and variable components of the costs) and the ultimate liability of the waste generator for the management of radioactive waste under each alternative strategy.
45
COSTS ESTIMATES AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT-Step 4

Estimate liabilities and annual funding needed for each selected scenario Inputs:
Detailed cost estimates for each process/life cycle cost estimates by waste management stream, including fixed and variable costs Labour & material escalation rates Discount rates to be used (can be prescribed by regulation) Current status of funding (if established) Present value or current value of liability Annual funding requirement by waste stream Financial guarantees needed (if any).
Outputs:
Note: A detailed framework for assessing the liability needs to be developed with buy-in from oversight bodies e.g. the regulator and other government agencies
46
Perform risk assessment Key inputs:
Cost estimates uncertainty (i.e. ranges) Economic indices uncertainty (i.e. ranges) Strategy uncertainty (e.g. in-service dates of
facilities)
Output:
Confidence in scenario(s) chosen as an

input to decision making
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Select preferred waste management strategy
48
THANK YOU
49

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