Unit 5

Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic Circuits
Objective: Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density Magneto motive force Magnetic field intensity Permeability Reluctance

Introduction
Magnetism is an integral part of almost every electrical device used today in industry, research, or the home. Generators, motors, transformers, circuit breakers, televisions, computers, tape recorders and telephones all employ magnetic effects to perform a variety of important tasks.

Magnetic Fields
In the region surrounding a permanent

magnet there exists a magnetic field, which can be represented by magnetic flux lines similar to electric flux lines. Magnetic flux lines differ from electric flux lines in that they dont have an origin or termination point. Magnetic flux lines radiate from the north pole to the south pole through the magnetic bar.

Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic circuits

Magnetic circuit is the path followed by magnetic flux Magnetic flux follows a complete loop

Magnetic Circuits
Classification of Magnetic circuits Simple magnetic circuits Composite magnetic circuits
Series Parallel

Electromagnetic Induction
Objective
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Concept of Induced emf
Dynamically induced emf Statically Induced emf
Self inductance Mutual inductance

Electromagnetic Induction
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction FARADAYS LAW LENZS LAW

Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic flux leads to a voltage in a wire loop
Induced voltage (emf) causes a current to flow !!

Symmetry:

electricity

magnetism
magnetic field electric current

electric current magnetic field

Changing Flux due to moving permanent magnet

Induced EMF produced by a changing Magnetic Flux!

Changing Magnetic Field Current and Voltage

B, H N S

Current

Faradays Law
B, H

Fmagnetic = total magnetic flux = B.ds VLOOP = -E.dl Faradays Law : Rate of change of magnetic flux through a loop = emf (voltage) around the loop

Lenzs Law
B, H

Iinduced V-, V+

Lenzs Law emf appears and current flows that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in this case an increase hence the negative sign in Faradays Law.

Lenzs Law
B, H

Iinduced V+, V-

Lenzs Law emf appears and current flows that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in this case an decrease hence the negative sign in Faradays Law. Lenzs law results from energy conservation principle.

Faradays Law of Induction F N t

B

induced emf number of loops

rate of change of flux with time

Minus sign from Lenzs Law: Induced current produces a magnetic field which opposes the original change in flux

Electromagnetic Induction
Fleming's left-hand rule (for motors), and Fleming's right-hand rule (for generators)

Induced EMF
Dynamically Induced EMF

Dynamically induced emf

Field is stationary and conductors cut cross it

Either the coil or the magnet moves.

Induced EMF
Statically induced emf

Conductor remains stationary and flux linked with it is changed (the current which creates the flux changes i.e increases or decreases) TYPES Self induced Mutually induced

SELF Inductance

Take a circuit Pass a current through it Magnetic field is created (Ampere) This field passes through the circuit
If the magnetic field is time-varying, it induces an emf and thus a current in the circuit. This emf opposes the change in magnetic field that caused it and thus induces a current in the opposite direction from the current that caused the magnetic field in the first place! This is (self-) It depends upon the geometry of the circuit and what it contains (bits of iron?).

inductance

Self - Inductance
Consider a single isolated coil: Current (red) starts to flow clockwise due to the battery But the buildup of current leads to changing flux in loop Induced emf (green) opposes the change This is a self-induced emf (also called back emf) dF dI N L induced dt dt

emf

L is the self-inductance units = Henry (H)=N2/R

PROPERTY OF A COIL DUE TO WHICH IT OPPOSES THE CHANGE OF CURRENT OR FLUX THROUGH IT SELF INDUCTANCE

Mutual Inductance
Take a circuit Pass a current through it Magnetic field is created (Ampere) Put another circuit nearby If the induced magnetic field changes in time, Faradays Law causes an emf and current to appear This is Magnetic Inductance and the Mutual Inductance between two circuits expresses the strength with which they couple inductively. It can be used to signal to/from (and provide power for) remote circuits, or circuits embedded in (say) the body.