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Aerobic Training
Physiological Responses Physiological Adaptations
Physiological Responses
1) CARDIOVASCULAR
2) RESPIRATORY 3) METABOLIC
Cardiovascular Responses
Heart rate maximum
(HRmax) ----> Decreases. Eg. HRmax of children=200 beats/min HRmax of 60 years= 160 beats/min Every year HRmax DECREASES by less than 1 beat/min.
WHY?
Reasons:
1) Electrophysiological & Morphological changes in Cardiac Conducting System.
Slowing down of Cardiac Conduction Decrease in hearts Intrinsic Rate
Stimulation
Cont..
2) Maximal stroke Volume (SVmax) = Decreases ( with age) 3) Maximal Cardiac Output (Qmax) = Decreases
BUT, Heart Volumes in older athletes are similar to
Cont..
Leg Blood Flow DECREASES at 50 years of age,
Respiratory
In old athletes :
Qmax DECREASES ----> So ----> VO2max DECREASES Vital Capacity (VC) & Forced Expiratory Volume in 1sec (FEV1)----> DECREASES linearly with age. WHEREAS----> Residual Volume (RV) = INCREASES AND ----> Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = REMAINS UNCHANGED. HENCE----> RV/TLC = INCREASES (So less air is exchanged)
Cont..
Maximal Expiratory Ventilation (Vmax) = DECREASES
Vmax----> Increases, during growth until physical maturity ----> Later----> Decreases, as a person ages.
40 L/min (4-6 years old boy) 110-140 L/min
(Fully matured men)
Cont..
Aerobic Capacity = Decreases (with age).
primarily caused by a loss of elasticity in the lung tissue and the chest wall. However, aging athletes have only slightly decreased pulmonary ventilation capacity. For them, the primary limiter of VO2max appears to be decreased oxygen transport to the muscles.
Metabolic Function
1) VO2max = Decreases (with age)
Reasons:
Decrease in HRmax
Decreased VO2max
1
Decrease in SVmax 2
1-->2-->3-->.
25
47.7
35
45 52 63 75
43.1
39.5 38.4 34.5 25.5
-9.6
-17.2 -19.5 -27.7 -46.5
Cont..
per decade
with aging, starting in the mid-teens for women, and in the mid-20s for men.
This DECREASE is largely associated with a decrease
in CARDIO-RESPIRATORY functions.
B) Older athletes
VO2max declines with age and the rate of decline is
Lactate Threshold
Physiological Adaptations
VO2max Improvements : (Males+Females)
Aged = Less Young = More But Absolute VO2 INCREASE of 5.5 - 6.0ml/kg/min similar for both (recent studies). Young ( 21 25 years) & Aged (60 71 years) = Shows SIMILAR improvements in VO2max with training. VO2max in aged males and females is also closely similar , after 9-12 months of aerobic training. [males= 21% ; females= 19%] What is the difference, then, in young and aged ? Young: Increase in VO2max is DUE TO increased Cardiac Output(CO). Aged : Increase in muscles oxidative enzyme activities. [So, peripheral factors play major role in older subjects than in younger subjects.]