History of the English language

Una ricetta per fare Inglese.

A recipe to make English.

Il mio nome Giuseppe Scarpandola.

Fare inglese is veri eezy !

Ma un processo lungo

Zeese are ze ingredients.

Greek
Scandinavian

Old German

French

Latin

You mix zem well wiz il frullatore

Arabic
zen sprinkle zem wiz ozer lenguadjes

Tahitian

Finnish
Quechua Chinese Turkish Japanese

Malay

and cook zem well in ze pentola.

you wait for twenty centuries...

ma, avanti, eh, sostenuto...!!!

Eccole qua...

English

Scotland

The British Isles

Ireland

England
Wales

The evolution of English

Pre-English Old English Middle English Modern English

Pre-English

The Celts 750 B.C.- 450 A.D.

Linguistic influence
Uisque beatha Whisky

Devon, Dover, Kent, Trent, Severn, Avon, Thames

London

JuliusB.C. 54 Caesar

Pretani Britanni Britannia Britain Britons British

Claudius 43 A.D.

Conquest of Britain by the Romans

Londinium

Linguistic influence
-Chester Winchester Port, tower, mountain, village Wall, street, mile Pound, cup, wine Kitchen, cheese... Bishop, church, Saturday

410

Old English

450 - 1066

Vortigern Hengist and Horsa

450
The conquest of Britain Angles Saxons Jutes

Land of the Angles

Angleland England

Englisc English

Germanic languages
Western German High German German Yiddish Low German English Flemish Dutch Northern German Eastern German Gothic

West Norse Norwegian Icelandic East Norse Swedish Danish

King Arthur and the knights of the round table

597
Evangelization by Saint Augustine

Linguistic influence
Pope Monastery School Master Grammar Angel Candle Apostle Cloister Prophet Demon History Plant Oyster

Anglo-saxon dialects
Old Western German Old Low German English - Saxon - Jutish Old English

e e, e ea on eofoum, ama gelgo. -becume ice. Ge ue illa o eoa on eofoum. Ue gamlca laf yle s g. A fogyf e gylta, fogyfa um gyleum. A e gel u on couge, Ac l of yfele.
lice.

Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done In earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, And forgive us our debts As we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. Amen.

eeeeaoneofoum amagelgobecumeiceG
e ueillaoeoaone ofoumUegamlcalaf yle sgAfogyfegylta fogyfaumgyleum A egeluon cougeAcl ofyfelelice

Iceland

The Scandinavian Vikings Finland 789-1066 Norway invasions

Sweden Denmark

Linguistic influence
They, them, their Birth, egg, kid, sister, sky, skin, Both, till, from skill, want I say we should go. Flat, low, tight, Where do you come weak from ? To call, to get, to Two-word verbs. give, to take

Middle English

1066 - 1450

1066

Edward the Confessor

Harold Godwinson

William of Normandy

Hastings

Conquest of England by the Normans

division Social
Upper classes Normans Lower classes Saxons

Norrnir Menn Norse Men North Men Normans

Hastings

Normandy

Old French
Analytical Synthetic

Synthetic
Declensions
A set of different forms of a word, usually through a change in the ending, to indicate its function.

Videt Petrus Paulum Paulum Petrus Petrus Paulum videt Paulum Petrus videt videt
Petrus Petre Petrum Petri Petro Petro Paulus Paule Paulum Pauli Paulo Paulo

Volk

Wagen

Volkswagen

Analytical
Word order
Peter sees Paul

Function words
Car of the people

Linguistic situation after 1066

Old French
Old English Middle English

Linguistic influence Pronunciation

Grammar
Vocabulary

Pronunciation
Vocalic transformations

Generalization of sound -e in final position

Rauchen verboten Smoking forbidden

Grammar
Synthetic New word order Use of -s instead of -en to indicate plural
Evolution of the negative form

Analytical

Negative form Ic thynke Ic ne thynke Ic ne thynke noght Ic (ne) thynke noht I thynke not

Use of Do in a periphrastic causative sense

I thynke I do thynke I do (the action of thinking) I do not (the action of thinking) I do not think I dont think

Vocabulary
Administration Justice Army, navy Meals Social life Art Medicine Learning

1066 to 1250 1250 to 1400

French
close reply odour annual demand chamber desire power ire

English
shut answer smell yearly ask room wish might wrath / anger

Oure fadir at art in hevenes Halwid be i name; i kyngdom come to be. Be i wille doun in here As it is doun in hevene. Yeve to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeve to us oure dettis As we foryeven to oure dettouris. And lede us not into temptacion But delyvere us from evyl. Amen

Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done In earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, And forgive us our debts As we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. Amen.

Modern English

Early Modern English

1450 - 1600
The Renaissance
Latin and Greek

Linguistic influence
Athlete Crisis Exterior Pathetic System Atmosphere Benefit Consolidate Exclusion Exist Frequency Insane Jurisprudence Meditate

London

The Kings English

Printing

William Caxton

In my dayes happened that certayn marchauntes were in a shippe in tamyse, for to have sayled over the see into zelande, and for lacke of wynde went to lande to refreshe them. And one of theym cam into an hows and axed for mete ; and specyally he axyd after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde that she coude speake no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frenshe, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at last a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the goode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes now wryte, egges ot eyren ?

O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright ! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear ; Come, gentle night, come, loving, black-brow'd night, Give me my Romeo ; and, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night.

Shakespeare

It was the lark, the herald of the morn, No nightingale: look, love, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east : Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.

Modern English

1600 - 2010

Tahitian

Finnish

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The end

Universidad Autnoma de Aguas Calientes