Shofia Amalia 10211141037 Nadya Sivanya Rheisa 10211141038 English Language and Literature 3B

Ana

 The

study of how language and social factors such as ethnicity, social class, age, gender, and educational level are related. Sociolinguistics is a branch of both linguistics and sociology.

Communicative competence Language and dialect Accent Idiolect Mutual intelligibility Speech community Speech varieties Regional and social dialects Phonological variation Semantic variation

Variation in syntax Language variation Language and gender Power vs solidarity Multilingual communities Language and culture Pidgin and creole Lingua franca Language planning

 The

ability of each person to interact well with others.

Language
- Language is collection of dialects

Dialect
- A dialect is an inferior form of language

- Language cannot be defined by the mutual intelligibility of its speakers

- Dialect can be defined by the mutual intelligibility of its speakers

- Language cannot be defined geographically

- A dialect is usually associated with a particular geographical area

If two forms of speech are mutually intelligible, this means that speakers of both varieties can understand one another. If mutual intelligibility exists between two types of speech, they can usually be considered dialects of the same language. Example: - The American can understand the Englishman American English and British English are dialects of the same language. - Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are mutually intelligible.

When the ordinary speech of two social groups is different enough to notice, we can say they speak different speech varieties. Example: - Parisian French or the Florentine variety of Italian

 Phonological

differences from a different language spoken elsewhere. Example: - Indian English - English English

 The

language variety unique to a single speaker of a language Each person has an idiolect.

REGIONAL DIALECT A variety of language that is spoken in a geographical area for many hundred of years as seen in differences in pronunciations, in the choices and forms of words, and in syntax. Example: Ngapak Javanese, Yogya Javanese.

SOCIAL DIALECT A variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Example: Black English, Javanese speech level

group of people who live, work, socialize, and communicate together.

 Phonological

variation Semantic variation Variation in syntax

variation the way in which words are pronounced differently. Example: Do you [pak y ka] or [park yr kar]? The deleted /r/ is characteristic of the Boston area. Do you say [ds] instead of [s], [tk] instead of [k]? The substitution of [d] for [] and [t] for [] is characteristic of speech in the Bronx, New York.
Phonological

 Systematic

syntactic also distinguish dialects.

Example: In US, southerners distinguish between you (singular) and you all (plural). - Southerners: Its nice to see you all. How are you all doing? - People in other parts of the country: Its nice to see you. How are you doing? The use of was in Northern England has been replaced by were. - I were a student. - He were living at school.

 One

of the most colorful ways in which dialects vary is semantically. Many lexical items vary according to region. Example: Pail or bucket? Pancakes, johnnycakes, or flapjacks? It depends on whether the speakers live in northern states or southern states.

 Lingua

franca is language of wider community. Lingua Franca is a language used for communication between 2 people whom the 1st language is different. English is a lingua franca.

 Pidgin

Simplified languages developed for use in specific interactions, such as business, service, and trade. They developed when people who had no common language came into contact.

 Tok

Pisin which is spoken in Papua New Guinea, is based on English: - Mi go long taun I go/went to the town - Yu wokabaut long rot You walk/walked along the road But, there are plenty of words that cannot predicted from English. Example: diwai tree, susu milk, lotu church

 Creole

It is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. Creoles arise when Pidgin become mother tongues.

 Styles Registers Slang Jargon

 Style

deals with language variations in formality.

Example: CASUAL : Coming down the pub? INFORMAL : Would you like to go to the pub? FORMAL : You are cordially invited to accompany me to the pub.

 Registers

are styles of speech that are appropriate to the situation, the level of formality, and the person being spoken to. Example: - When speaking with our family and friends we speak differently than when we speak to a clerk in a store. - When we speak to someone who has the same technical knowledge as we have, we speak differently than to someone outside.

 Slang

is a label that is frequently used to denote certain informal or faddish usages of nearly anyone in the speech community. Example: - blingin Shining because you are wearing so much jewelry. "Check you out David, you blingin tonight. - dogs eyes = pies

 Jargon

is the technical terminology or characteristic vocabulary of a special activity or group. It may be used as a barrier to keep outsiders from understanding something, but not always.

Example: - business jargon words include: "bean counter", "bearish", "brain dump", "bullish", "buzz", "change agent.
-

newspaper jargon words are "cut", "dateline", "ears", "flag", "lead", "stringer", "strip", "teaser", and "zone".

 Another

way in which people differ in how they use a language is according to their gender. Some languages have formal rules for each gender about the use of pronouns, verb conjugations, word pronunciation, and levels of formality

 Verb

conjugations. Hebrew:
Males say Females say [ani omrt] [ani ohvt] [ani omr] [ani ohv]

I say I love

Pronouns.

Hebrew:
Said to male Said to female [at]
[ani ohv otax]

you
I love you

[ata]
[ani ohvt otxa]

 Word

Pronunciation. Language of the Carib Indians:

Females says rain canoe [kuyu] [kuriala] Males says [kunobu] [ukuni]

Levels

of formality. Japanese:
Male say Sujishi-san Sujishi-kun Female say Sujishi-san Sujishi-san

Mr. Sujishi/ Mrs. Sujishi Polite Familiar

Power

Solidarity

Requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities such as status, money, influence.

A feeling of equality that people have with one another. They have interest around which they will bond.

A language has more power than any A feeling of solidarity can lead people of its dialect. For example: Standard to preserve a local dialect on an English and Parisian French. endangered language to resist power, or to insist on independence.

 Multilingualism

is an individuals ability to use many languages. Multilingual community is a group of people who speak many languages.

 The

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis proposed that people of different cultures think and behave differently because the languages they speak influence them to do so.

 Examples -

of how language influences culture are: Color terminology = the words with which a language describe colors. Classify items by number, length, and rigidity (Athabascan language)

 Examples -

of how culture influences language are: Kinship terminology = the words that a language uses to express family relationship. Involve the subsistence activities of the society.

 Language

planning refers to various ways of influencing the way a language is used It comprises corpus planning, text analysis and status planning. Language planning aims to describe and issue appropriate guidelines on standard language usage. Language planning provides detailed information on how language is used in specific contexts and how it is changing, as well as issuing related guidelines.