BY:PARESH TIWARI

Contents
Introduction Classification

Application
Future trends References

Introduction change in expression or A biomarker indicates a

state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease to a given treatment. It may be a traceable substance that is introduced in to an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspect of health. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state. e.g. The presence of an antibody may indicate an infection.

clinical purpose, they have been classified as-

Classification of biomarkers for Based on the discovery and use

Therapeutic biomarkers
Diagnostic biomarkers Prognostic biomarkers

Why Biomarkers???
More rapidly observed than clinical outcome Lesser variability in results than clinical measure Easier to measure Less expensive Sensitive and Accurate

THERAPEUTIC
CYCLIN D3

DIAGNOSTIC
GALECTIN-1

PROGNOSTIC
CD-10 EXPRESSION

Expression confers resistance to ERLOTINIB

Specific biomarker in assessing toxicity of Arsenic Exposure

Prognostic in colorectal cancer

Preparation of Biomarkers

Application Biomarkers have several applications, but mostly

they are used in three main areas-

Discovery
Clinical Diagnostics.

1 Early disease identification

Biomarkers are now proving to be important molecules whose detection can help predict the presence of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease at an early phase.

In the future, they will be a common promising diagnostic tool for clinicians for the early detection of these diseases.

2 Identifying potential drug targets

Currently, researchers use very advanced techniques such as proteomics to find these proteins (biomarkers) specific to various disorders, which may offer a potential target for drug treatment.

Biomarkers help researchers understand the disease process at the protein expression level. A study of biomarkers would help pharmaceutical companies in validating drug targets.

Predicting the response of patients to 3 medications

Biomarkers can help physicians by

monitoring the response of medication administered to patients suffering from serious ailments Judging the efficacy of a particular drug regimen in terms of cure rate.

Help accelerate clinical trials

Biomarkers play a major role in reducing trial duration by predicting drug efficacy in animal models and human trials by acting as surrogate primary endpoints.

Personalized medicine
right medication to the right patient.

Biomarkers would help physicians prescribe the

This would help in reducing the side effects
This is because the same disease can progress through different pathways in different patients.

Biomarkers used in cancer

Biomarker Type Source Cancer type Clinical use

Human chorionic gonadotropin

CA19-9 Thyroglobulin HER-2 BTA

Glycoprotein

Serum

Testicular

Staging

Carbohydrate Protein Protein Protein

Serum Serum Serum Urine

Pancreatic Thyroid Breast Bladder

Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring

Future trends
Biomarkers is currently considered most clinically useful and reliable: New researches are going on B natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein and myoglobin.

The role played by heart-type fatty acid binding protein, ischemia-modified albumin, and homocysteine in the evaluation of patients presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome.

 common and leading Breast cancer is one of the most

causes of cancer death in women. Recently, HER2/neu(Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2) in breast cancer has been routinely used to guide treatment of using Trastuzumab.

The current understanding of specific acute inflammatory markers and their use to identify stable, vulnerable or ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.

References

Nagappa A and Datta V, Biomarkers:Opportunities in Diagnostic and Therapeutics,The Pharma Review,May 2011,P no.;157-160 Sergy llyin E.Stanley M and Carlos R,Biomarker Discovery And Validation: Technologies And Integrative Approaches Trends In Biotechnology, Vol 22, Issue 8,2004, P 411-416 Biomarkers in the Preclinical and Early Phases of RA, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/750136_3 Biomarker database: environmental assessment http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid= 85844