P 1.

0 Hi:Icry cf E:IimcIicn
P 2.0 Vcricu: C/ e:IimcIicn Iechniue:
.1 Empiricc| /pprccch
.2 Ccper Jcne: cnc Generc| IhumL ru|e
. U:e Cc:e E:IimcIicn
.4 U:e Cc:e FcinI E:IimcIicn
P .0 Which cpprccch i: Le:I
P 4.0 FeecLcck
%hi: pre:enIcIicn i: Ic give icec cn vcricu:
cpprccche: Ic e:IimcIicn Iechniue:
experimenIec wiIh in incu:Iry cnc c:
Ihe:e Iechniue: cre evc|ving cnc nc
:Icnccrc crcunc Ihem exi:I:
/pprcpricIe ci:creIicn i: ccvi:ec fcr u:e cf
Ihe :cme in ycur prcjecI:..
P / IenIcIive evc|ucIicn cr rcugh
cc|cu|cIicn.
P / pre|imincry cc|cu|cIicn cf Ihe effcrI:
cf c prcjecI
P / jucgmenI Lc:ec upcn cne':
impre::icn:: cpinicn
ScfIwcre e:IimcIicn i: Ihe ccI cf precicIing
Ihe curcIicn" cnc cc:I" cf c prcjecI
P ScfIwcre cverrun cc:e :Iucie: Ly vcricu:
prccIiIicner: Ihrcw: in:ighI inIc Ihe
prcjecI, Iheir e:IimcIec cc:I & :checu|e:
cnc Ihe finc| :IcIu: cf prcjecI Leing
ccnce||ec
P EffecIive :cfIwcre e:IimcIicn i: cne cf
Ihe mc:I cifficu|I :cfIwcre ceve|cpmenI
ccIiviIie: cnc cne cf Ihe mc:I impcrIcnI
P FrccIiIicner: hcve ciIec vcricu: rec:cn::
%cc mcny unp|cnnec Ic:k: cr chcnge
reue:I:
%cc mcny cefecI: re:u|I: in re|ec:e ce|cy:
Frccucing prcjecI cccumenI: ccc Ic Ihe
cc:I:
/ccurcIe e:IimcIe mcy Le rep|ccec Ly
cpIimi:Iic e:IimcIe: Ic win Lic:
Experience cf e:IimcIcr cnc prcjecI
execuIcr: mcIIer:
Ncn-cvci|cLi|iIy cf righI :ki||: cnc re:curce:
Uncere:IimcIing c prcjecI |ecc: Ic:
P Uncer :Icffing
P Uncer :ccping Ihe uc|iIy c::urcnce effcrI
P SeIIing Icc :hcrI c :checu|e
Which in Iurn |ecc: Ic:
P SIcff LurncuI
P Lcw uc|iIy
P Lc:: cf creciLi|iIy c: cecc|ine: i: mi::ec
Cver-e:IimcIing ccn Le c|mc:I c: Lcc:
P %he prcjecI wi|| Icke c: |cng c: e:IimcIec even if Ihe prcjecI wc:
cvere:IimcIec
P Lc:: cf creciLi|iIy c: cecc|ine: i: recchec Lefcre Ihe IcrgeI
P Size
P 1000 mcchine in:IrucIicn:
P SIcff
P Sing|e prcgrcmmer Ic wriIe
P DurcIicn
P 1 mcnIh Ic ccmp|eIe
P Cc:I
P CfIen |e:: Ihcn $5000
P //E:IimcIicn wc: cifficu|I
LuI Ihe ccn:euence:
were ncI :ericu:
P Size
P up Ic 25 Mi||icn |ine: cf
:curce ccce
P SIcff
P Mcre Ihcn 1000 per:cnc|:
P DurcIicn
P Mcre Ihcn 5 cc|enccr
yecr: Ic ccmp|eIe
P Cc:I
P Ccn exceec $500 Mi||icn
P //E:IimcIicn i: :Ii|| cifficu|I
cnc Ihe ccn:euence: cn
cc:I cre very :ericu:
P efcre 170: ru|e: cf IhumL, :imp|e c|gcriIhm: c: cIIcm up, WS
P /rcunc 170: lcec cf cuIcmcIec Icc|: fcr e:IimcIicn
P /rcunc 174 - LCC ccncepI
P /rcunc 175: FuncIicn pcinI:
P 177: FFlCE-S, fir:I ccmmercic| Icc|
P 17: SLlM, :eccnc ccmmercic| Icc|
P 181: CCCCMC
P 181: Fcper: cn funcIicn pcinI: puL|i:hec wcr|c wice
P 182: DeMcrcc funcIicn pcinI:
P 18: Mcrk ll funcIicn pcinI:
P 184: Fevi:icn cf lM': funcIicn pcinI meIric
P 185: SFCF/20
P 10 Ic 2008- Icc mcny :cfIwcre ccmpcnie: cnc :IcrIec u:ing c||
cifferenI cpprccche: cnc ccmLincIicn cf WS, FF, UCE, %CFE
eIc
P Mcce|-c:ec: %he:e cre meIhcc: IhcI u:e c mcIhemcIicc| mcce| c:
Iheir fcunccIicn. %he mcce|: u:e cn c|gcriIhm which i: cfIen Lc:ec cn
re:u|I: frcm kncwn prcjecI:.
SLlM, CCCCMC, CheckpcinI, SEEF, FFlCE -S, FuncIicn FcinI eIc
P ExperI jucgmenI: %he:e meIhcc: re|y cn Ihe cpinicn: cf pecp|e whc
hcve pc:I experience cn :cfIwcre ceve|cpmenI Ic Le u:ec in Ihe
ccmcin cf Ihe cpp|iccIicn.
De|phi, Fu|e-c:ec, cIIcm up, WS, %cp ccwn eIc
P Lecrning-CrienIec: %hi: i: c meIhcc IhcI u:e: cnc|cgy wiIh previcu:
prcjecI: Ic prccuce e:IimcIe:. %hi: i: ccne Ihrcugh crIificic| inIe||igence
Iechniue: |ike neurc| neIwcrk:.
Neurc|, Cc:e-Lc:ec {E:IimcIicn Ly cnc|cgy) eIc
P Dyncmic:-c:ec: %he:e meIhcc: exp|iciI|y reccgnize cIIriLuIe: |ike :Icff
effcrI, :ki||:, cnc cc:I: cf c :cfIwcre prcjecI cver iI: curcIicn.
/Lce| Hcmic cnc Mccnick
P Ccmpc:iIe: %hi: i: c mix, cfIen wiIh experI jucgmenI cnc mcce|:.
CCCCMCll
P Very |e:: cccumenIcIicn cvci|cL|e
P Nc incu:Iry :Icnccrc exi:I:
P Experience cf Ihe incivicuc|
P McIuriIy cf c|ienI
P McIuriIy cf crgcnizcIicn
P DifferenI Dcmcin:
P l% incu:Iry - ccnIinucu:|y evc|ving
Mcinfrcme wcr|c, Fer:cnc| CcmpuIing, SIrucIurec
prcgrcmming, CLjecI crienIec prcgrcmming, :uper-
ccmpuIing, whcI i: nexI
De:kIcp cpp|iccIicn:, C|ienI-Server, WeL Lc:ec,
mcLi|e, EmLeccec, whcI i: nexI
P Empiricc| /pprccch cf E:IimcIicn
]]CcmLincIicn cf Mcce| cnc Lecrning CrienIec]]
P %e:I cc:e e:IimcIicn u:ing FF cnc lncu:Iry %humL Fu|e
fcr %e:Iing
]]ExperI JucgmenI]]
P U:e Cc:e /pprccch cf E:IimcIicn
]] CcmLincIicn cf Mcce| cnc Lecrning CrienIec ]]
P U:e Cc:e FcinI E:IimcIicn /pprccch
]]Ccmpc:iIe]]
P SIep 1: lcenIify imp|emenIec prcce::e:, ncIure cf
c|ienI, prcjecI eIc
P SIep 2: SIcnccrcize Ihe crIifccI:, cpprccch e.g. Ie:I
Iemp|cIe:, wcy cf wriIing Ihe Ie:I cc:e:
P SIep : /pprcvc| - En:ure c|ienI i: fine wiIh :Iep 2
P SIep 4: Cc||ecI MeIric: - lmp|emenI MeIric: fcr few
iniIic| rcunc:
P SIep 5: E:IimcIe - U:e meIric: fcr :uL:euenI
e:IimcIicn:
SIep 1:
P UniI Ie:I cc:e fcrmcI:
Ncming ccnvenIicn
Ecch ccnIrc| cn Ihe weL :iIe i: IrecIec c: c uniI
Ecch weL pcge ccnIrc|/ uniI i: check fcr Ul cnc Lcckenc
ccIcLc:e mcpping
ExpecIec re:u|I: en:ure IhcI Ihe ccIc in uniI ccnIrc| i: in:erIec in
prcper ccIcLc:e cc|umn
SIep 2:
P Sy:Iem Ie:I cc:e fcrmcI:
Ncming ccnvenIicn
/pprccch i: checking c|| f|cw cf Ihe :y:Iem - enc Ic
enc Ie:Iing
Nc uniI |eve| check: in Lcckenc cnc Ul
SIep 4
SIep 5:
U:e meIric: fcr e:IimcIicn:
P UniI %e:I cc:e:
FrepcrcIicn phc:e/ ExecuIicn phc:e
Nc cf precicIec Ie:I cc:e: = {IcIc| ccnIrc| cn weL pcge)*{nc cf
weL pcge:)*{nc cf Ie:I cc:e: per uniI, ccnIrc|)
207 cverhecc fcr Ie:I execuIicn cue Ic cefecI fci|ure
P Sy:Iem %e:I cc:e:
FrepcrcIicn phc:e/ ExecuIicn phc:e
Specic| cc:e: c: mu|Iip|e rc|e: - :cme :eI cf cc:e: execuIec
mu|Iip|e Iime:, Lrcw:er ccmLincIicn:, nc cf ccIcr: eIc
Nc cf iIercIicn: cefinec cue Ic prcjecI prcce:: c: cefecI fci|ure
eIc
Frcce:: cverhecc:
E:IimcIicn %emp|cIe
Excmp|e
P Frc:
Wcrkec we|| fcr :iIucIicn where ccmcin, ncIure cf prcjecI:, Iechnc|cgy u:ec,
ncIure cf prccucI: cre :imi|cr cnc Iecm: cre ccn:IcnI
Wcrkec we|| c: Ie:I :IrcIegy/ cpprccch wc: we|| cefinec cnc cccepIec Ly c|ienI
P Ccn:
l: Ihere nc neec fcr whiIe Lcx Ie:Iing
Dic we ccn:icer Ncn-funcIicnc| reuiremenI: c: perfcrmcnce
Wi|| fci| fcr cifferenI ccmcin even if prccucI: mcy Le :imi|cr cr cifferenI
Wi|| fci| fcr new prcjecI: if Ihe ccmcin i: :cme LuI Iechnc|cgy chcnge:
%he meIric: wi|| vcry if Ihe Iecm chcnge: cver c pericc cf Iime
Wi|| fci| if Ie:I :IrcIegy, cpprccch chcnge: - Ihe ccn:IcnI: c::umec in e:IimcIicn
P WhcI cce: iI mecn
CcnIinucu: imprcvemenI
Keep cc||ecIing meIric:
/ccpI wiIh chcnge: ncIure cf Ie:I :IrcIegy, Iechnc|cgy cnc wiIh Iime ccmcin Icc
///nc cne ccy Ihi: wi|| Le ccmmercic| Icc| IhcI ycu ccn :e||
P Cc|cu|cIe FF fcr Ihe prcjecI
P U:e Ihe fcrmu|c Ic cc|cu|cIe Ihe numLer
cf Ie:I cc:e::
NumLer cf Ie:I cc:e: = funcIicn pcinI: rci:ec
Ic 1.2
P %he IhumL ru|e: cf Ihe incu:Iry were Lc:ec cn cI Iime
experience, mcIhemcIicc| Ihecrie:, :Ii|| cIher: cn
SDLC, ncIure cf Ihe prcjecI: cnc :c cn...
P Fcr Ihe Iypicc| wcIerfc|| mcce| when V-mcce| wc:
ncI invenIec, Ihe IhumL ru|e wc: Ie:Iing effcrI:
rcngec LeIween 257 Ic 407
P Scme crgcnizcIicn mcy :Ii|| Le u:ing Ihi: where Ihe
effcrI: e:IimcIicn i: ncI mc:Ierec
P %hi: numLer i: c gccc wcy Ic crc:: check ycur
mcnuc| Ie:Iing effcrI: e:IimcIec u:ing cny cpprccch
fcr wcIerfc|| mcce|
P Scme princip|e: cf |ecrning cnc
mcIhemcIicc| cc|cu|cIicn cpp|ie: here Iccl
P Finc Ihe cpprcximcIe meIric: fcr:
Nc cf Ie:I cc:e: cerivec frcm :ing|e U:e cc:e
FrccucIiviIy cf cvercge re:curce Lc:ec
N SIcnccrcizec Iemp|cIe:,
N Dcmcin, cnc
N Ccmp|exiIy cf prcjecI
Finc Ihe cIher IcngiL|e: fcr Ihe prcjecI cnc
prcce::
P E:IimcIicn Iemp|cIe cnc Excmp|e
P Frc:
Wcrk: we|| fcr prcjecI: IhcI invc|ve u:e cc:e:
cnc nc fcrmc| cpprccch fcr e:IimcIicn i: in
p|cce
Scme c: Ihe ecr|ier empiricc| cpprccch
P Ccn:
U:uc| humcn errcr Ic cver|cck p|cnning
%he ccmp|exiIy cf u:e cc:e: cefinec fcr :y:Iem
ccn vcry wiIh crgcnizcIicn, pecp|e
Scme c: Ihe ecr|ier empiricc| cpprccch
Dce: ncI cim Ic crecIe c e:IimcIicn Iemp|cIe in
p|cce
P SIep::
DeIermine numLer cf ccIcr: {Ic geI U/W)
DeIermine nc cf u:e cc:e: in :y:Iem {Ic geI
UUCW)
Cc|cu|cIe UUCF
CcmpuIe Iechnicc| cnc envircnmenIc|
fccIcr: {Ic geI %EF)
CcmpuIe /cju:Iec UCF
Finc| effcrI:
P Unccju:Iec /cIcr WeighI:
DeIermine numLer cf ccIcr: Ic geI U/W
/cIcr: cre exIernc| Ic :y:Iem cnc inIerfcce wiIh
Ihem e.g. enc u:er:, :cfIwcre prcgrcm:, ccIc
:Icrcge:, exIernc| :y:Iem: eIc
Ccn Le c|c::ifiec c: Simp|e-Mecium-Ccmp|ex
Sum cf prccucI: {u:er cc:e cnc fccIcr) give:
U/W
P Unccju:Iec U:e Cc:e WeighI:
DeIermine nc cf u:e cc:e: in :y:Iem Ic geI
UUCW
U:e cc:e: cre c::ignec weighI: cepencing cn
numLer cr Ircn:ccIicn:/ :cencric:
Ccn Le c|c::ifiec c: Simp|e-Mecium-Ccmp|ex
Sum cf weighI cf ecch u:e cc:e give: IcIc|
UUCW
P Unccju:Iec U:e Cc:e FcinI:
Cc|cu|cIe UUCF
Simp|e fcrmu|c
N UUCF = U/W + UUCW
P %echnicc| cnc envircnmenIc| fccIcr:
CcmpuIe Iechnicc| cnc envircnmenIc|
fccIcr:
/::ign weighI: cnc mu|Iip|e Ihem wiIh
c::ignec vc|ue: Ic geI finc| vc|ue:
FrccucI: cre c|| cccec Ic geI Ihe %EF
P CcmpuIe /cju:Iec UCF:
Cc|cu|cIe Ihe ccju:Iec UCF, /UCF
UCF = UUCF*|0.5+{0.01*%EF)]
CcmpuIing Finc| EffcrI::
EffcrI: = /UCF *N
*N - where N i: per:cn-hcur: reuirec fcr p|cn,
wriIe, Ie:I cne 'u:e cc:e pcinI fcr |cngucge-
Iechnc|cgy ccmLincIicn fcr Ihe crgcnizcIicn
P Frc:
Gccc cpprccch IhcI ccn Le u:ec in prcjecI
IhcI u:e: u:e cc:e:
DefiniIe|y LeIIer Ihcn ecr|ier cpprccch cf
e:IimcIicn
P Ccn:
Hcw were Ihe ccn:IcnI fccIcr: u:ec in finc|
fcrmu|c were cerivec
Ecch per:cn ccn u:e :cme cpprccch cnc
ccme up wiIh cifferenI e:IimcIicn numLer:
P %he l% incu:Iry i: ccnIinucu:|y chcnge: cnc
inncvcIing
P ewcre cf Ihe prc: cnc ccn: cf ecch
mcce|
//nuc|ecr energy ccn Le c: much hcrmfu|
c: iI i: Leneficic| //
P %he cne" IhcI fiI: ycur neec:, i: Ihe Le:I fcr
ycu.....
P cck: / CD / UFL / cIher reference McIeric|
hIIp://en.wikipecic.crg/wiki/FuncIicn_pcinI
E:IimcIing ScfIwcre Cc:I: - Ccper: Jcne:
%e:I EffcrI E:IimcIicn U:ing U:e Cc:e FcinI: - S.
Ncge:wcrcn
UKHEC FepcrI cn ScfIwcre E:IimcIicn
{www.ukhec.cc.uk/puL|iccIicn:/repcrI:/e:IimcIicn.pcf)
Hcw ScfIwcre E:IimcIicn %cc|: Wcrk
{www.ccmpcic.ccm/cciinIerneI/ezine/ccper:-
e:IimcIicn.pcf)
lnIrccucIicn cn ScfIwcre Cc:I E:IimcIicn
{www.ifi.uzh.ch/rerg/fi|eccmin/ccwn|ccc:/Iecching/:emi
ncr:/:emincr_w:020/S|ice:_1.pcf)
lmprcve ExperI E:IimcIicn Frcce::
{ccim.ici.nInu.nc/:hcw.phpIype=mc:Iercppgcve&ic=
2)