Solid and Fracture Mechanics

By: Jung-Hyun Na
Khalil Ur Rahman
LEFM Analysis
EPFM Analysis
ontents
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 2
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
The ASME Reference urves
The TOD design urves
Elastic Plastic Fracture Analysis
Application to Structures
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Analyses based on LEFM apply to structures
where crack tip plasticity is small.
omparing the applied K to a critical K or a K-R
curve.
G : The elastic energy release rate
(Alternative measure of driving force)
G(ritical) : the material toughness
(9.1)
Y : Dimensionless geometry correction factor
o : haracteristic stress
a : haracteristic crack dimension
KI for Part-Through racks
Newman and Raju have published a series of
KI solutions for part-through cracks.
KI for Part-Through racks
Q : Flaw shape parameter
F & H : Geometry constants
To account for a range of stress gradients, and
includes pure tension and pure bending as
special cases.
(9.2)
KI for Part-Through racks
(9.3)
(9.4)
W Suppose the normal stress acting on
the crack plane
W The crack face independently in a finite
element model of the crack geometry
W To apply a wide range of semi-
elliptical surface flaws in cylinders
(9.5)
KI for Part-Through racks
(9.6)
(9.7)
The example of a pressurized cylinder with an internal
axial surface flaw
(9.8)
(9.9)
(9.10)
(9.11)
W The origin
(Inner wall)
W Taylor series
(The internal surface
flaw)
(The external surface
flaw)
Thus KI for a surface flaw in a pressurized cylinder can be obtained
by substituting the appropriate influence coefficients
KI for Part-Through racks
KI for Part-Through racks
This geometry produces a local stress gradients that affect
the Ki of the crack.
There is a possibility that weld residual stresses will be
present.
KI for Part-Through racks
Primary and Secondary Stresses
To divided into Primary and Secondary
stresses.
Primary stresses arise from externally applied
loads and moments.
Secondary Stresses are localized and are self-
equilibrating through the cross section.
The sum of the primary and secondary
components
P : Primary , S : Secondary
(9.12)
Plasticity orrections
(9.13)
The Irwin approach defines an effective crack
length as the sum of the actual crack size, a,
and a plastic zone correction.
Y(a+ry) : Function of the effective crack size
(9.14a)
(9.14b)
Plasticity orrections
The strip yield correction for a through crack in an
infinite plate in plane stress
Equation (9.15) does not result from adding a plastic
zone correction to the crack size, but is based on an
analysis by Burdekin and Stone.
The strip yield correction for a through crack in an
infinite plate does not apply to other configurations
Both the Irwin and strip yield plastic zone corrections
have the effect of increasing Keff over the linear
elastic value.
(9.15)
Kic from Jcrit: Advantages and Pitfalls
For plane strain, small scale yielding conditions
Jcrit can either be a Jic value, defined near the
initiation of ductile crack growth, or a critical J
for cleavage.
A Jcrit value that meets the necessary size
requirements can be converted to an
equivalent Kic through Eq. (9.16).
(9.16)
A Warning About LEFM
Performing a purely linear elastic fracture analysis and
assuming that LEFM is valid is potentially dangerous.
Because the analysis gives no warning when it becomes
invalid.
The safest approach is to adopt an analysis that spans the
entire range from linear elastic to fully plastic behavior
Such an analysis accounts for the two extremes of brittle
fracture and plastic collapse.
The ASME Reference urves
Reference curves that give conservative estimates of
toughness versus temperature.
Fig. 9.9, different heats of pressure vessel steel typically
display ductile-brittle transitions at different
temperatures.
The ASME Reference urves
(9.17a)
(9.17b)
These curves do not predict an upper shelf.
Objective
Estimation of K (SIF) and J-integral
using various methods for design
application
Application of these Fracture
mechanics parameters to achieve
Optimum design (both cost wise &
geometry wise)
Design of desire strength
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 19
Elastic Plastic J-Integral Analysis
True value of J-Integral can be
estimated using EP FEM mesh and
algorithms
Two Simplified methods
1. EPRI J-estimation procedure
2. Reference Stress Approach
3. Ductile Instability AAnalysis
Materials failing with cleavage (UNSTABLE
Mechanism) ---J=Jc (Single value)
Ductile Material---Fracture Toughness -
Resistance curve (not a single value)
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 20
TOD Design urve
Well developed for LEP till
1970 but not well defined EP
Wells suggested that global
strain should scale linearly
with TOD under large scale
yielding..
TOD plastic is empirical co-
relation b/w SS elastic and
wide double-edge notches
tension tests..
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TOD design curve
TOD co-relations
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 22
where is the non-dimensional TOD and Equation (9.18a), which was
derived from LEFM theory, includes a safety factor of 2.0 on crack size.
EPRI J-estimation Procedure
1970, J-integral---toughness, due
lack of literature (K1-was point of
discussion)
EPRI developed a procedure that
provides guidelines to estimate J for
Elastic Plastic
Fully Plastic conditions
Separate estimation giving total:
J=Jel + Jpl
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 23
Theoretical Back Ground for EPRI
onsider a cracked structure with a
fully plastic ligament, elastic
strains=0
power-law stress-strain in plastic
region curve:
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 24
Whereas:
n - strain hardening exponent and d-
dimensionless constant
Theoretical Back Ground for EPRI (2)
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 25
Theoretical Back Ground for EPRI (3)
Near crack tip, under J-controlled conditions,
stresses are given by the HRR singularity:
Solving for J
Under J controlled conditions, loading must be
proportional. local stresses must increase in
proportion to the remote load, P.
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 26
Theoretical Back Ground for EPRI (4)
J-fully plastic
h =dimensionless function of geometry and n,
L =characteristic length for the structure,
P0 =reference load
it is even valid for elastic fracture
J ~ P
2
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 27
EPRI-Estimation Equations
fully plastic equations for J, crack mouth opening
displacement (V
p
), and load line displacement (A
p
)
b = uncracked ligament length,
a = crack length, and
h
1
, h
2
and h
3
=dimensionless parameters that depend on
geometry and hardening exponent.
P
o
= limit load at which net x-section yields
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 28
EPRI-Estimation Equations (2)
J integrals for center-cracked panel and a single edged
notched tension panel are:
J elastic is equal to (a
aff
).so a
aff
can be estimated by
Irwin plastic zone correction:
TOD can be estimated from J
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 29
(center-cracked panel: a and w are
of crack length and width.in
order to reduce sensitivity of h
1
)
d
n
=flow properties depends on flaw
geometry
Example: Estimation of J
onsider a single edge notched tensile panel with W =
1 m, B - 25 mm, and a = 125 mm. alculate J versus
applied load assuming plane stress conditions. Neglect
the plastic zone correction.
Given:

= 414MPa; n = 10; alpha = 1.0; E =

207,000MPa
[
=

/E = 0.002
Reference load can be determined from Table
A9.13
Hence P
0
= 8.42 MN
For a/W = 0.125 and n = 10, h
1
= 4.14 (from
Table A9.13). Thus the fully plastic J is given by
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 30
and
J
pl
= 2.486x10
-8
P
11
Example: Estimation of J
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 31
Example: Estimation of J
Elastic J can be estimated:
From the polynomial expression
in Table 2.4, f(a/W) = 0.770 for
a/W = 0.125. Thus
- - estimation without plastic zone
correction
-- J with orrection
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 32
J (a
aff
) is 13% higher than
the estimate without the
correction.
omparison with Experimental Estimates
This formula is valid for
deep cracks only, since it
assumes that the ligament
length, b, is the only
relevant length dimension.
approaches the deep crack limit
with increasing a/W. For n =
10, the deep crack formula
appears to be reasonably
accurate beyond a/W ~ 0.3.
Avg. value of 1.9 rather than
theoretical value of 2.0.
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 33
omparison with Experimental Estimates
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 34
omparison of J estimates from the EPRI handbook with
the deep crack formula for a center cracked panel
J
D
--plastic J from the
deep crack formula
The deep crack formula
underestimates J at small a/W
ratios, but coincides with J EPRI
when a/W is sufficiently large.
Deep crack formula
assumes that all plasticity is
confined to the ligament, a
condition that is easier to
achieve in low-hardening
materials.
2. Reference Stress Approach
EPRI equations assume that the material's stress-plastic strain
curve follows a simple power law.
Many materials, however, have flow behavior that deviates
considerably from a power law. For example, most low carbon
steels exhibit a plateau in the flow curve immediately after
yielding.
Anisworth developed a J-like parameter denoted by

that
accounts for time dependent creep deformation.named as
reference stress.
ombining

with EPRI J-estimation procedure..more

versatile approach..
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 35
But the fact is
Then
2. Reference Stress Approach (2)

Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 36

It still contains h1 that is
f(hardening exponent (n))
3.Ductile Instability Analysis

Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 37

3.Ductile Instability Analysis (2)
The rate of change in
driving force at a fixed
remote displacement is
given by
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 38
The structure is always stable in pure
displacement control (
M
= 0), but is
unstable at
4
(and
T(4)
=
4
+
M
P4) for
the finite compliance case.
3.Ductile Instability Analysis (3)
applied and material tearing
modulus are plotted
Instability occurs when the
T
app
-J curve crosses the T
R-
J
R
curve.
J
R
depends on crack growth
J-R curve fits to power law;
Material Tearing modulus:
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 39
schematic stability assessment
diagram.
Important!! 1-
Integral and
stable crack
growth
Solid and Fracture Mechanics hapter 9 Page 40