Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
With x,y coordinates, you can represent points, lines and polygons as
a list of coordinates instead of as a picture or graph. In the figure
below, for example, the coordinate pair 3,2 represents a point location
(building); the coordinate pairs 1,5 3,5 5,7 8,8 and 11,7 represent a
line (road); and the coordinate pairs 6,5 7,4 9,5 11,3 8,2 5,3
and 6,5 represent a polygon (lake). The first and last coordinates of
GIS Data Model
the polygon are the same; a polygon always closes. These coordinate
lists represent how geographic features are stored in a computer as
sets of x,y coordinates.
For example, polygons A and B in the left diagram are represented by a series
of connected coordinates. In the diagram on the right, nodes are created where
the lines intersect, arcs are created between the nodes, with vertices providing
shape, and polygons A and B are constructed from the arcs.
GIS Data Model
Topology
Connectivity
because they share node 11. The computer can determine that it is
possible to travel along arc 1 and turn onto arc 3 because they share a
common node (11), but it’s not possible to turn directly from arc 1 onto arc
5 because they don’t.
Area definition
Recall that the arc-node structure represents polygons as an ordered list of
arcs rather than a closed loop of x,y coordinates. This is called polygon-arc
topology. In the illustration below, polygon F is made up of arcs 8, 9, 10 and
7 (the 0 before the 7 indicates that this arc creates an island in the polygon).
Each arc appears in two polygons (in the illustration below, arc 6 appears in
GIS Data Model
the list for polygons B and C). Since the polygon is simply the list of arcs
defining its boundary, arc coordinates are stored only once, thereby reducing
the amount of data and ensuring that the boundaries of adjacent polygons
don’t overlap.
Notice that the label for polygon A is outside the boundary of the area. This polygon
is called the external or universe polygon, and represents the world outside the
study area. The universe polygon ensures that each arc always has a left and right
side defined.