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Direct Routing:if the Datagram is routed locally i.e if the destination is on the same subnet as the originator. Indirect Routing if the use of aForwarding device such as router is invoked. A framed packet will be accepted by a router only if Data link identifier in destination address Contains routing identification of router's interface or a broadcast identification Router Strips off the frame and passes the enclosed packet to the network layer.
Direct Routing:if the Datagram is routed locally i.e if the destination is on the same subnet as the originator. Indirect Routing if the use of aForwarding device such as router is invoked. A framed packet will be accepted by a router only if Data link identifier in destination address Contains routing identification of router's interface or a broadcast identification Router Strips off the frame and passes the enclosed packet to the network layer.
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Direct Routing:if the Datagram is routed locally i.e if the destination is on the same subnet as the originator. Indirect Routing if the use of aForwarding device such as router is invoked. A framed packet will be accepted by a router only if Data link identifier in destination address Contains routing identification of router's interface or a broadcast identification Router Strips off the frame and passes the enclosed packet to the network layer.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Скачайте в формате PPT, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
IP routing Principles • Direct Routing:- if the Datagram is routed locally i.e if the destination is on the same subnet as the originator.
Indirect Routing :- if the use of aForwarding
devices such as router is invoked i.e the destination is remote . IP Routing • A Datagram that is sent may invoke both Direct and indirect routing • The last router in the path must use direct routing to deliver the packet to the destination host. • A framed Packet will be accepted by a router only if Data link identifier in destination address Contains Routing • Identification of router’s interface or • A broadcast identification • Router Strips off the frame and passes the enclosed packet to the network layer. • At network layer the destination IP address is examined Routing Basics
• If the destination network indicated by the
address in the IP header is directly attached to the router , it will forward the packets directly to the destination station, after encapsulation. • If the destination network indicated by the address in the IP header is not directly attached to the router , it must use the services of another router to forward the packets and let the router determine the next Hop. Router Basics
• For routing the Router will do a route table
look up • At minimum , each address of the network the router can reach. • A pointer to the destination • The pointer will indicate the destination network directly connected to the router. Router Basics • The address of another router on a directly connected network • A router one hop closer to the the destination is called a next hop router. Router Table Updation
• Route Table acquires information in two
ways • i) Information may be added manually , by means of static route entries or • Automatically by one of the several systems of automatic information discovery and sharing known as dynamic routing protocols. Static – Dynamic Routing • Static / Non – Adoptive • Choice of route is computed in advance, off line , and downloaded to the router when network is booted. Dynamic / Adaptive • Routing decisions change to reflect the hanges in topology and / or traffic. Static Routing • Routes to destination are set up Manually. • Network reach ability is not dependent on the existence and state of the network. • Route may be up or down but static routes will remain in the routing tables and traffic would still be sent towards the route. • Not suitable for large networks. Default Routing • When a router receives a packet and its table does not contain the network number indicated in the packet , it is forwarded to default router. • If there is no routes or default route at any stage , the router will send a control message ( through ICMP ) to the originating station. Default Routing • Refers to “ last resort “ outlet. • Easiest form of Routing for a domain connected to a single exit point. • Default router is indicated as 0.0.0.0 with no subnet mask. • Routes are learnt via an internal and external routing protocols. Dynamic Routing • If a router is down , its entry will be deleted from the routing table and traffic to that will not be forwarded. • Used to enable routers to build their own routing tables and make appropriate decisions. Route Table Router lookup • The router will match the most specific address it can in the descending order of specificity as below :- • A host address • A subnet • A group of Subnets • A major network Number • A default Number Routing Protocol • It is a language a router speaks with other routers to share information about the reach ability and status of the network. • Provides mechanisms for sharing routing information. • Allows the routers to communicate with other routers to update and maintain routing table. Routing Protocol • Routing protocol messages do not carry end user traffic from network to network . • Routing protocol uses the routed protocol to pass information between routers. • Rip and OSPF are Routing protocols. Convergence • The process of bringing all routes table to a state of consistency is called convergence . • The time it takes to share information acress an internet work and for all routers to calculate best path in convergence time. • When an internet work is in unconverged state , it may cause routing errors. Metrics • A metric is a variable assigned to routes as a means of ranking them. • Different routing protocols use different and sometimes multiples metrics. o RIP defines the “ best “ route as one with minimum number of hops. o IGRP defines the “ best “ route on a combination of lowest bandwidth along the route and the total delay of the route. Metrics • Hop Count • Bandwidth • Load • Delay • Reliability • Cost Metrics • Hop Count • A hop Count metric simply count router hops. Metrics • Bandwidth • A bandwidth metric would choose a higher bandwidth over a lower bandwidth. Metrics • Load • The metric reflects the amount of traffic utilizing the links along the path. • The best path is the one with the lowest load. • Unlike hop count and bandwidth , the load on a route changes and therefore the metric will change and is called route flapping. • Route flaps have adverse effect on routers CPU and the overall stability of the network. Metrics • Delay • Delay is the measure of time a packet takes to traverse a route. • A protocol using delay as metric would choose the path with the least delay as the best path. Metrics • Reliability • Reliability measures the likelihood that the link will fail in some way. • Variable reliability metrics are • i) Number of times link has failed or • Ii) Number of errors it has received within a certain time period • The path with highest reliability would be selected as the best. Metrics • Cost • Cost may be defined by any policy or link characteristic or may reflect the arbitrary judgment of the administrator. • The Term “ Cost “ is often used as generic term. • E.g RIP chooses the lowest – cost path based on hop count. • Another generic term is “ Shortest “ e.g RIP chooses the shortest path based on the hop count. Interior- Exterior Protocols • Interior Gateway protocols • Routing protocol which run with an Autonomous system are IGPs. • Distance Vector and Link state protocols are IGPs. Exterior Gateway Protocols • Routing protocols that route between Autonomous system are EGPs. • IGPs discover paths between Networks. • EGPs discovers paths between autonomous Sysyems. Administrative Distances • Metrics are assigned to the routes to determine the most preferred route. • RIP Metric is hop count. • IGRP uses bandwidth and delay • OSPF uses COST • EIGRP uses composite metrics. • Diversity of metrics poses problems in routers running more than one routing protocol. Administrative Distances • The administrative Distance of various protocols is as below: • Connected Interface - 0 • Static Route -1 • EIGRP summary route – 5 • External BGP - 20 • EIGRP - 90 • IGRP - 100 Administrative Distance • OSPF - 110 • IS – IS - 115 • RIP - 120 • EGP - 140 • Unknown - 255