Attitudes

 are the mental, moral, ethical dispositions adopted by

individuals to others and the situations and environments in
which they find themselves
 Attitudes can be broken down into following components
Emotional: feelings of positivity, negativity,
neutrality, indifferences, rejection, jealousy,
satisfaction etc etc
Informational: nature and quality of information
present and importance that it is given…wrong and
incomplete may lead to frustration
Behavioural: tendency to act in a particular way
in a given situation
Past Experience: memories of past affect
current and future feelings
Specific influences: of peer groups, individuals,
superiors,
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 Values
are the absolute standards by which people order their
lives
Theoretical: where everything is ordered,
factual and in place
Economic: making the best possible use of
available resources, result oriented, people’s
standard and costs of living
Aesthetic: the process of seeing and
perceiving beauty
Social: the sharing of emotions with other
people
Integrity: matters of loyalty, honesty,
openness, trust, honour, decency, concern
from truth
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 Values – stable, long lasting beliefs about what is
important to the indidvidual
Five cross cultural values:
Individualism-collectivism: the extent to
which people value their group membership and group goals
(collectivism) or value their individuality and personal goals. E.g.
indebtedness, friendliness, pride, anger
Power distance: the extent to which people accept
unequal distribution of power in a society. High p d -commands,
rules, regulations/ Low p d – participative management,
suggestions, people network
Uncertainty avoidance: the degree to which
people tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel
threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty
avoidance)
Achievement vs nurturing orientation:
assertiveness, competitiveness, materialism, challenges,
personal responsibility/ relationships, interaction and caring
rather than competition and personal success
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Long vs short term orientation: thought more
 High Achieveme
High
uncertainty nt Long-term
Power
Collectivism Avoidance orientatio orientation
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 Attitudes and Values are
affected by
 Past experience and interactions with the
given person, people or situation
 Continuing experiences and interactions
 Perceptions and levels of general
understanding
 The presence of, and understanding of,
the particular rules, regulations, and
other limitations
 Particular mental and physical aspects
 Levels of identity with the others involved
and with the situation
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 Attitudes and Values are
 affected by
The extent to which people/ situation are
known or unknown
 Aspects of risks and uncertainties
 Levels of active and passive involvement
 Positive aspects (the extent to which
something good and productive is certain
or expected to come out)
 Negative aspects (the extent to which
something negative and unproductive is
certain or expected to come out)
 Any strong or prevailing moral, ethical or
social pressures
 General degree of comfort (usually based
on levels of knowledge and understanding
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Positive Attitude Negative Attitude
• Equality of opportunity and treatment  Inequality of opportunity of treatment
• Saying what’s meant and meaning  Expediency
what’s said  Victimization, scapegoating
• Identifying and solving problems  Lack of clarity
• Clarity of purpose  Fragmentation of purpose
• Unity of purpose  Rewards based on favoritism and
• Reward of achievement, loyalty and infighting
commitment  Remoteness and distance management
• Openness of management style style (both physical and psychological}
• Particular of standards set at outset  Standards allowed to emerge
• Absolute standards for everyone  Different standards for different groups,
• High and equal value placed on all departments, divisions and individuals
staff  Different levels of value placed on
• Recognition of every contribution different staff
• Pride in the organization  Lack of recognition
• Identity with the organization  Lack of pride in organization
• High levels of esteem and respect for  Lack/ rejection of identity
staff  Lack of esteem and respect
• Clarity of communication  Lack of clarity in communications
• Harmony  Hostility
• High quality information  Low quality information
• Open personal
•‘Great minds’relationships
discuss ‘Ideas’, ‘Average minds’ discuss ‘Events’ and, ‘Small
• minds’ discuss ‘People’
Open operational and professional
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relationships
 Following elements can develop
Positive Attitudes
• Setting past experience and interactions aside and
focusing on current and continuing activities
• Attention to the level, nature, volume, quality and
quantity of information available and the related
understanding
• Attention to positive rather than negative. Placing
emphasis on rewards and achievements than
punishments and threats
• Attention to rules and regulations as they reinforce
positive standards
• Resolving problems as they arise. .positive
relationships between subordinate and superior
• Identifying and removing threatening aspects..to
know what you don’t know
• Gaining active rather than passive
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involvement..people should be valued to get high
 Following elements can develop
Positive Attitudes
Reinforcing what is said
Attention to reinforcing absolute standards
and quality of product, service, delivery and
other factors (community development etc)
Attention to prevailing moral and social
pressures
Attention to mutuality of interests in any
given situation (win-win)
Attention to clarity of purpose, clear and
precise communication
Attention to job and work satisfaction: pay
and rewards, supervision and management
style, co-workers, motivation etc
Attention to basic human needs of pride,
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esteem, worth, Approach to work,
 Beliefs
are the certainties of the world
Absolute: based on such things as
mathematical fact; , mathematics ,night
follows day, mortality, taxation etc
Near Absolute: based on seasonal
changes, continuous development of
knowledge and awareness, social and
technological development etc
Acts and Articles of faith: based on
certainties of God, religious allegiance, vastu-,
fengshui, pyracards, numerology, astrology
etc etc
Other strong Ethical and Moral
standpoints: relating to honesty,
trustworthiness,
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