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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH

Name : N. Ramanjaneyulu.
Designation : Lecturer.
Branch : ECE.
Institute : G.P.W., Hindupur.
Semester : Third.
Subject : Analog Communication.
Code : EC-305.
Topic : Transmitters& receivers.
Duration : 100Mts.
Sub-topic : Receivers-FM demodulators,Frq.Bands
Teaching aids : PPTs,Diagrams.

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Objectives:

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Know about FM demodulation (detection).

• Know the Function of FM Demodulator.

• know the classification of FM demodulators

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• What is the function of a demodulator?

• What is the output of a demodulator?

• Which semiconductor device is used as AM


demodulator.

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• Draw the circuit diagram of foster seely discriminator.

• Know the working principle of foster seely discriminator

• Know the various frequency bands used in radio


receiver.

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FM demodulation:

• The process of extracting modulating signal from a


frequency modulated carrier is known as frequency
demodulation. The electronic circuits that perform the
demodulation process are called the FM demodulators.

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Function of FM demodulator:

• It converts the frequency modulated signal into its


corresponding amplitude modulated signal by using
frequency dependent circuits. i.e., circuits whose output
voltage depends on input frequency from which original
modulating signal is detected.

• The original modulating signal is recovered from this AM


signal by using a linear diode envelope detector.

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Classification of FM demodulators:

• FM demodulators or detectors are classified into two


types. They are:

• Slope detectors.

• Phase discriminators.

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Slope detector:

The principle of operation depends on the slope of the


frequency response characteristics of a frequency
selective network. These are two types, there are:

3. Single tuned discriminator or slope detector.

2. Stagger tuned discriminator or balanced slope detector.

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Phase discriminator:

There are two types of phase discriminators which are


used to extract the original modulating signal from
frequency modulated wave. They are:

3. Foster seely discriminator.

5. Ratio detector.

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Foster seely discriminator:

• This discriminator is also called as center tuned


discriminator or phase discriminator.

• It is invented by foster seely hence it is called as foster


seely discriminator.

• Because of its circuit configuration and operation it is


also called as center tuned discriminator.

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Circuit diagram:

Fig :Foster seely Discriminator

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Working principle:

• The FM signal is applied to the primary of the RF


transformer T1.

• The primary and secondary windings are tuned to the


carrier frequency with C1 and C2 .

• The FM signal is also passed through C 3 and appears


directly across RF choke,L3

• The voltage across RFC is v3 is the same as voltage


across primary winding.
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• Since the secondary winding is center tapped v1 will be
1800 out of phase with v2.

• The voltage induced into the secondary is 900 out of


phase with the voltage across the primary. This means
that the voltages v1 and v2 will also be 900 out of phase
with v3 .

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• The remaining circuit consists of two diode detector
circuits.

• The voltage v1,3 (applied to D1 R1 and C 4 ) is the sum of


voltages v1 and v5.

• The voltage v2,3 (applied to D2 ,R2 and C5 ) is the sum of


voltages v2 and v3 .

• During one half cycle of the primary voltage,D1 conducts


and current flows through R1 and charges C 4 .
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• During the other half cycle ,D2 conducts and current
flows through R2 and charges C 5 .

• The voltages across R1 and R2 designated vA and vB are


identical because v1,v3 and v2,v3 are the same.

• Since these two voltages are equal but of the opposite


polarity, the voltage between A and ground is zero.

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• The secondary of T1 and capacitor C2 forms a series
resonance circuit. Since the voltage induced into the
secondary appears in series with that winding.

• At resonance the current flowing in the circuit is exactly


in phase with the voltage induced into the secondary.

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• The output is derived from a portion of the secondary
winding which is an inductor there fore , the voltage
across the secondary winding is 900 out of phase with
the current in the circuit.

• If the input frequency is exactly equal to the resonant


frequency v1 and v2 will be 900 out of phase with v3
otherwise , the phase relationship between v1 and v2
changes with respect to v3.

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• If the input frequency increases the inductive reactance
will be more than the capacitive reactance.

• If the input is above the resonant frequency then v1 leads


by a phase angle less than 900 v2 lags v3 by an angle
more than 900 .In this case the voltage v1,3 is greater than
v2,3 .As a result ,vA will be greater than vB and the net
output will be positive.

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• In a similar way, if the frequency deviation is less than
the center frequency, v1 leads v3 by an angle more than
900 while voltage v2 lags v3 by an angle less than
900.Then v2,3 is greater than v1,3.

• As a result vB will be greater than vA and the net output


voltage will be negative.

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Response curve:

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• The output voltage at point A , plotted against
frequency is shown in response curve.

• As the frequency deviates above and below the center


frequency, the output at point A increase or decrease
and there fore the original modulating signal is
recovered.

• The above signal is passed through the

de-emphasis circuit consisting of R3 and C6.

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• The discriminator circuit is sensitive to input amplitude
variations.

• For this reason ,all amplitude variations must be


removed from the FM signal before being applied to the
discriminator.

• That is why the parallel tuned in the primary of T1 is


converted in the collector of a limiter amplifier Q that
removes amplitude variations from the FM signal.

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Various frequency bands used in radio receiver:

• Medium wave (MW) frequency band.

• Short wave (SW) frequency band.

• FM frequency band.

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Medium wave frequency band:

• This band is from 535KHz to 1650KHz. T he most widely


used, IF value at this band is 455KHz. Which is used in
standard broad cast AM receiver.

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Short wave frequency band:

• This band has the frequencies in the range of 3 to


30MHz. AM,SSB and other receivers employed for short
wave or VHF reception has a first IF often in the range
from about 1.6 to 2.3MHz.

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FM frequency band:

• This band is from 88 to 108MHz. FM receivers using


this band have an IF which is always 10.7MHz.

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Summary:

After completion of this topic we have learnt about:


• Principle of FM demodulation.
• Function of FM demodulation.
• Types of FM demodulators.
• Foster - seely discriminator.

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• Circuit diagram of foster - seely discriminator.

• working of foster - seely discriminator

• Various frequency bands used in radio receivers.

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Quiz
Foster - seely discriminator is widely used in
a) AM receiver
b) FM receiver
c) both AM and receiver.
d) none of these.

Ans . b

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2.Slope detector is used to detect
a) AM
b) FM
c) PM
d) none of these.

Ans . b

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3. The SW frequency band has the frequencies in
the range of
a)1 to 100 MHz
b)3 to 30MHz
c)30 to 300MHz
d)300 to 3000MHz.

Ans . b

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4.The FM frequency band has the frequencies in
the range of
a)88 to 108MHz
b)80 to 100MHz
c)100 to 200MHz
d)88 to 108KHz

Ans . a

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5.Medium wave frequency band has the
frequencies in the range of
b) 450 to 1500KHz
c) 600 to 1650KHz
d) 535 to 1650KHz
e) 500 to 2000KHz

Ans . c

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Frequently asked questions

1. Draw the circuit diagram of foster- seely discriminator


and explain?

3. What is FM demodulations?

5. List the MW, SW,FM frequency bands used in radio


receiver?

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