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SOL UT IONS
A guide for A level students
www.argonet.co.uk/users/hoptonj/sci.htm
CONTENTS
• What is a buffer solution?
• Uses of buffer solutions
• Acidic buffer solutions
• Alkaline buffer solutions
• Buffer solutions - ideal concentration
• Calculating the pH of a buffer solution
• Salt hydrolysis
• Check list
Buffer solutions
Before you start it would be helpful to…
• know that weak acids and bases are only partly ionised in solution
• be able to calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration
• be able to construct an equation for the dissociation constant of a weak acid
Buffer solutions - Brief introduction
Acidic Buffer (pH < 7) made from a weak acid + its sodium or potassium salt
ethanoic acid sodium ethanoate
Alkaline Buffer (pH > 7) made from a weak base + its chloride
ammonia ammonium chloride
Biological Uses
Other Uses Many household and cosmetic products need to control their pH values.
Shampoo Buffer solutions counteract the alkalinity of the soap and prevent irritation
It is essential to have a weak acid for an equilibrium to be present so that ions can be
removed and produced. The dissociation is small and there are few ions.
NB A strong acid can’t be used as it is fully dissociated and cannot remove H+(aq)
Adding acid
Any H+ is removed by reacting with CH3COO¯ ions to form CH3COOH via the
equilibrium. Unfortunately, the concentration of CH3COO¯ is small and only a few H+
can be “mopped up”. A much larger concentration of CH3COO¯ is required.
It is essential to have a weak acid for an equilibrium to be present so that ions can be
removed and produced. The dissociation is small and there are few ions.
NB A strong acid can’t be used as it is fully dissociated and cannot remove H+(aq)
Adding alkali
This adds OH¯ ions which react with H+ ions H+(aq) + OH¯(aq) H2O(l)
Removal of H+ from the weak acid equilibrium means that, according to Le Chatelier’s
Principle, more CH3COOH will dissociate to form ions to replace those being removed.
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO¯(aq) + H+(aq)
As the added OH¯ ions remove the H+ from the weak acid system, the equilibrium
moves to the right to produce more H+ ions. Obviously, there must be a large
concentration of undissociated acid molecules to be available.
Alkaline buffer solutions - action
Alkaline buffer
Very similar but is based on the equilibrium surrounding a weak base; AMMONIA
but one needs ; a large conc. of OH¯(aq) to react with any H+(aq) added
a large conc of NH4+(aq) to react with any OH¯(aq) added
There is enough NH3 to act as a source of OH¯ but one needs to increase the
concentration of ammonium ions by adding an ammonium salt.
If the concentration is too low, there won’t be enough CH3COOH and CH3COO¯
to cope with the ions added.
Summary
For an acidic buffer solution one needs ...
This situation can’t exist if only acid is present; a mixture of the acid and salt is used.
The weak acid provides the equilibrium and the large CH3COOH(aq) concentration.
The sodium salt provides the large CH3COO¯(aq) concentration.
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is
mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is
mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is
mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is
mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is
mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases
remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because
the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water
dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases
remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases
remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
NH3 + H2O
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases
remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
CH3COOH
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases
remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.