PHCALCPP

pH
calc ul ati on s
A guide for A level students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
pH calculations
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of
the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it
may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are
available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.argonet.co.uk/users/hoptonj/sci.htm
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pH calculations
CONTENTS
• What is pH? - a reminder
• Calculating the pH of strong acids and bases
• Calculating the pH of weak acids
• Calculating the pH of mixtures - strong acid and strong alkali
• Calculating the pH of mixtures - weak acid and excess strong alkali
• Calculating the pH of mixtures - strong alkali and excess weak acid
• Check list
pH calculations
Before you start it would be helpful to…
• know the differences between strong and weak acid and bases
• be able to calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration
• be able to calculate hydrogen ion concentration from pH
• know the formula for the ionic product of water and its value at 25°C
What is pH?
pH = - log10 [H+(aq)]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in mol dm-3
to convert pH into
hydrogen ion concentration [H+(aq)] = antilog (-pH)
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER Kw = [H+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)] mol2 dm-6
= 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 (at 25°C)

WORKED
Calculating pH - strong acids and alkalis EXAMPLE
Strong acids and alkalis completely dissociate in aqueous solution
It is easy to calculate the pH; you only need to know the concentration.
concentration
Calculate the pH of 0.02M HCl

HCl completely dissociates in aqueous solution HCl H+ + Cl¯
One H+ is produced for each HCl dissociating so [H+] = 0.02M = 2 x 10-2 mol dm-3
pH = - log [H+] = 1.7
WORKED
Calculating pH - strong acids and alkalis EXAMPLE
Strong acids and alkalis completely dissociate in aqueous solution
It is easy to calculate the pH; you only need to know the concentration.
concentration
Calculate the pH of 0.02M HCl

HCl completely dissociates in aqueous solution HCl H+ + Cl¯
One H+ is produced for each HCl dissociating so [H+] = 0.02M = 2 x 10-2 mol dm-3
pH = - log [H+] = 1.7
Calculate the pH of 0.1M NaOH

NaOH completely dissociates in aqueous solution NaOH Na+ + OH¯
One OH¯ is produced for each NaOH dissociating [OH¯] = 0.1M = 1 x 10-1 mol dm-3
The ionic product of water (at 25°C) Kw = [H+][OH¯] = 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6
therefore [H+] = Kw / [OH¯] = 1 x 10-13 mol dm-3
pH = - log [H+] = 13
Calculating pH - weak acids
A weak acid is one which only partially dissociates in aqueous solution
A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)
[HA(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
The ions are formed in equal amounts, so [H+(aq)] = [A¯(aq)]
therefore Ka = [H+(aq)]2 (3)
[HA(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
Rearranging (3) gives [H+(aq)]2 = [HA(aq)] Ka
therefore [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] Ka

[HA(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
pH = [H+(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
pH = [H+(aq)]
ASSUMPTION HA is a weak acid so it will not have dissociated very much. You can assume that
its equilibrium concentration is approximately that of the original concentration.
WORKED
Calculating pH - weak acids EXAMPLE
Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )
HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

WORKED
Dissociation constant for a weak acid Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] mol dm-3
[HX(aq)]
WORKED
[HX(aq)]
Substitute for X¯ as ions are formed in [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka mol dm-3

equal amounts and then rearrange equation
WORKED
[HX(aq)]

equal amounts and the rearrange equation
ASSUMPTION
HA is a weak acid so it will not have dissociated very much. You can assume that its
equilibrium concentration is approximately that of the original concentration
WORKED
[HX(aq)]

equal amounts and the rearrange equation
ASSUMPTION
HA is a weak acid so it will not have dissociated very much. You can assume that its
equilibrium concentration is approximately that of the original concentration
[H+(aq)] = 0.1 x 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3
= 4.00 x 10-6 mol dm-3
= 2.00 x 10-3 mol dm-3

CALCULATING THE pH OF MIXTURES
The method used to calculate the pH of a mixture of an acid and an alkali depends on...
• whether the acids and alkalis are STRONG or WEAK
• which substance is present in excess
STRONG ACID and STRONG BASE - EITHER IN EXCESS
WEAK ACID and EXCESS STRONG BASE
STRONG BASE and EXCESS WEAK ACID

pH of mixtures
Strong acids and strong alkalis (either in excess)
1. Calculate the initial number of moles of H+ and OH¯ ions in the solutions
2. As H+ and OH¯ ions react in a 1:1 ratio; calculate unreacted moles species in excess
3. Calculate the volume of solution by adding the two original volumes
4. Convert volume to dm3 (divide cm3 by 1000)
5. Divide moles by volume to find concentration of excess the ion in mol dm-3
6. Convert concentration to pH
If the excess is H+ pH = - log[H+]
If the excess is OH¯ pOH = - log[OH¯] then

pH + pOH = 14
or use Kw = [H+] [OH¯] = 1 x 10-14 at 25°C therefore
[H+] = Kw / [OH¯] then
pH = - log[H+]
WORKED
pH of mixtures EXAMPLE
Strong acids and alkalis (either in excess)
Calculate the pH of a mixture of 25cm3 of 0.1M NaOH is added to 20cm3 of 0.1M HCl
WORKED
1. Calculate the number of moles of H+ and OH¯ ions present
25cm3 of 20cm3 of
0.1M NaOH 0.1M HCl
2.5 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-3

moles moles
moles of OH ¯ moles of H+
= 0.1 x 25/1000 = 20 x 20/1000
= 2.5 x 10-3 = 2.0 x 10-3
WORKED
2. As the ions react in a 1:1 ratio, calculate the unreacted moles of the excess species
25cm3 of 20cm3 of
0.1M NaOH 0.1M HCl
2.5 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-3

moles moles
The reaction taking place is… HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

or in its ionic form H+ + OH¯ H 2O (1:1 molar ratio)
WORKED
25cm3 of 20cm3 of
0.1M NaOH 0.1M HCl
5.0 x 10-4
2.5 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-3 moles of OH¯
moles moles UNREACTED
The reaction taking place is… HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

or in its ionic form H+ + OH¯ H 2O (1:1 molar ratio)
2.0 x 10-3 moles of H+ will react with the same number of moles of OH¯
this leaves 2.5 x 10-3 - 2.0 x 10-3 = 5.0 x 10-4 moles of OH¯ in excess
WORKED
3. Calculate the volume of the solution by adding the two individual volumes
the volume of the solution is 25 + 20 = 45cm3

WORKED

there are 1000 cm3 in 1 dm3
volume = 45/1000 = 0.045dm3
WORKED
5. Divide moles by volume to find concentration of excess ion in mol dm-3
[OH¯] = 5.0 x 10-4 / 0.045 = 1.11 x 10-2 mol dm-3

WORKED
6. As the excess is OH¯ use pOH = - log[OH¯] then pH + pOH = 14

or Kw = [H+][OH¯] so [H+] = Kw / [OH¯]
[OH¯] = 5.0 x 10-4 / 0.045 = 1.11 x 10-2 mol dm-3 Kw = 1 x 10-14

[H+] = Kw / [OH¯] = 9.00 x 10-13 mol dm-3 mol2 dm-6 (at 25°C)
pH = - log[H+] = 12.05
pH of mixtures
Weak acid and EXCESS strong alkali
1. Calculate the initial number of moles of H+ and OH¯ ions in the solutions
2. As H+ and OH¯ ions react in a 1:1 ratio, calculate unreacted moles of the excess OH¯
3. Calculate the volume of solution by adding the two original volumes
5. Divide moles by volume to find concentration of excess OH¯ in mol dm-3
6. Convert concentration to pH
either using Kw = [H+] [OH¯] = 1 x 10-14 at 25°C therefore
[H+] = Kw / [OH¯] then
pH = - log[H+]
or pOH = - log[OH¯] and

pH + pOH = 14
WORKED
Calculate the pH of a mixture of 25cm3 of 0.1M NaOH and 22cm3 of 0.1M CH3COOH
25cm3 of 22cm3 of 0.1M

0.1M NaOH CH3COOH
2.5 x 10-3 2.2 x 10-3

moles moles
= 0.1 x 25/1000 = 22 x 20/1000
= 2.5 x 10-3 = 2.2 x 10-3
WORKED
2. As the ions react in a 1:1 ratio, calculate the unreacted moles of excess OH¯

0.1M NaOH CH3COOH
3.0 x 10-4
moles of OH¯
2.5 x 10-3 2.2 x 10-3
moles moles
UNREACTED
The reaction taking place is CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

or in its ionic form H+ + OH¯ H2O (1:1 molar ratio)
2.2 x 10-3 moles of H+ will react with the same number of moles of OH¯
this leaves 2.5 x 10-3 - 2.2 x 10-3 = 3.0 x 10-4 moles of OH¯ in excess
WORKED
3. Calculate the volume of solution by adding the two individual volumes

WORKED
volume = 47/1000 = 0.047dm3

WORKED
volume = 47/1000 = 0.047dm3
[OH¯] = 3.0 x 10-4 / 0.047 = 6.38 x 10-3 mol dm-3

WORKED
6. As the excess is OH¯ use pOH = - log[OH¯] then pH + pOH = 14

or Kw = [H+][OH¯] so [H+] = Kw / [OH¯]
[OH¯] = 3x 10-4 / 0.045 = 6.38 x 10-3 mol dm-3

[H+] = Kw / [OH¯] = 1.57 x 10-12 mol dm-3
pH = - log[H+] = 11.8
pH of mixtures
EXCESS Weak monoprotic acid and strong alkali
This method differs from the others because the excess substance is weak and as
such is only PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED into ions. It is probably the hardest
calculation to understand.
1. Calculate the initial number of moles of acid and OH¯ ions in the solutions
2. As H+ and OH¯ ions react in a 1:1 ratio, calculate unreacted moles of the excess acid
3. Calculate moles of salt anion formed; 1 mol of anion is formed for every H+ removed
4. Obtain the value of Ka for the weak acid and substitute the other values
5. Re-arrange the expression and calculate the value of [H+]
6. Convert concentration to pH using pH = - log[H+]
The following example shows you how to calculate the pH of the solution
produced by adding 20cm3 of 0.1M NaOH to 25cm3 of 0.1M CH3COOH
WORKED

0.1M NaOH CH3COOH
2.0 x 10-3 2.5 x 10-3

moles moles
= 0.1 x 20/1000 = 25 x 20/1000
= 2.0 x 10-3 = 2.5 x 10-3
WORKED
2. As H+ and OH¯ ions react in a 1:1 ratio, calculate unreacted moles of excess acid
unreacted
CH3COOH
0.1M NaOH CH3COOH
2.0 x 10-3 5.0 x 10-4

2.5 x 10-3
moles moles
moles
2.0 x 10-3 moles of H+ will react with the same number of H+; this leaves
2.5 x 10-3 - 2.0 x 10-3 = 5.0 x 10-4 moles of CH3COOH in excess
WORKED
CH3COONa
produced
0.1M NaOH CH3COOH
2.0 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-3

2.5 x 10-3
moles moles
moles
2.0 x 10-3 moles of H+ will produce the same number of CH3COONa

this produces 2.0 x 10-3 moles of the anion CH3COO−
WORKED
Substitute the number of moles

of anion produced here... it will
be the same as the number of
moles of H+ used up
Ka = [H+(aq)] [CH3COO¯(aq)] mol dm-3
Substitute [CH3COOH(aq)]
the Ka value
Substitute the number of
moles of unreacted acid here
WORKED
Substitute the number of moles

of anion produced here... it will
be the same as the number of
moles of H+ used up
1.7 x 10-5 = [H+(aq)] x (2 x 10-3) mol dm-3
Substitute (5 x 10-4)
the Ka value
Substitute the number of
moles of unreacted acid here
WORKED
[H+(aq)] = 1.7 x 10-5 x 5 x 10-4 mol dm-3

2 x 10-3
= 4.25 x 10-6 mol dm-3

WORKED
6. Convert concentration to pH using pH = - log[H+]
[H+(aq)] = 1.7 x 10-5 x 5 x 10-4 mol dm-3

2 x 10-3
= 4.25 x 10-6 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+(aq)] = 5.37
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration

Calculate hydrogen ion concentration from pH
Write equations to show the ionisation in strong and weak acids
Calculate the pH of strong acids and bases knowing their molar concentration
Calculate the pH of weak acids knowing their Ka and molar concentration
Calculate the pH of mixtures of acids and bases
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

You need to go over the
relevant topic(s) again
Click on the button to
return to the menu
WELL DONE!
Try some past paper questions
pH
calc ul ati on s
THE END
© 2003 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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pH

Navigation is achieved by...

Before you start it would be helpful to…

IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER Kw = [H+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)] mol2 dm-6

= 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 (at 25°C)

Strong acids and alkalis completely dissociate in aqueous solution

Calculate the pH of 0.02M HCl

Strong acids and alkalis completely dissociate in aqueous solution

Calculate the pH of 0.02M HCl

Calculate the pH of 0.1M NaOH

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)

The ions are formed in equal amounts, so [H+(aq)] = [A¯(aq)]

therefore Ka = [H+(aq)]2 (3)

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)

The ions are formed in equal amounts, so [H+(aq)] = [A¯(aq)]

therefore Ka = [H+(aq)]2 (3)

Rearranging (3) gives [H+(aq)]2 = [HA(aq)] Ka

therefore [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] Ka

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)

The ions are formed in equal amounts, so [H+(aq)] = [A¯(aq)]

therefore Ka = [H+(aq)]2 (3)

Rearranging (3) gives [H+(aq)]2 = [HA(aq)] Ka

therefore [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] Ka

A weak acid, HA, dissociates as follows HA(aq) H+(aq) + A¯(aq) (1)

Applying the Equilibrium Law Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3 (2)

The ions are formed in equal amounts, so [H+(aq)] = [A¯(aq)]

therefore Ka = [H+(aq)]2 (3)

Rearranging (3) gives [H+(aq)]2 = [HA(aq)] Ka

therefore [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] Ka

Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )

HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )

HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

Dissociation constant for a weak acid Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] mol dm-3

Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )

HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

Dissociation constant for a weak acid Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] mol dm-3

Substitute for X¯ as ions are formed in [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka mol dm-3

Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )

HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

Dissociation constant for a weak acid Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] mol dm-3

Substitute for X¯ as ions are formed in [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka mol dm-3

Calculate the pH of a weak acid HX of concentration 0.1M ( Ka = 4x10-5 mol dm-3 )

HX dissociates as follows HX(aq) H+(aq) + X¯(aq)

Dissociation constant for a weak acid Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] mol dm-3

Substitute for X¯ as ions are formed in [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka mol dm-3

[H+(aq)] = 0.1 x 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3

= 4.00 x 10-6 mol dm-3

= 2.00 x 10-3 mol dm-3

• whether the acids and alkalis are STRONG or WEAK

• which substance is present in excess

STRONG ACID and STRONG BASE - EITHER IN EXCESS

WEAK ACID and EXCESS STRONG BASE

STRONG BASE and EXCESS WEAK ACID

If the excess is H+ pH = - log[H+]

If the excess is OH¯ pOH = - log[OH¯] then

or use Kw = [H+] [OH¯] = 1 x 10-14 at 25°C therefore