STPM CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 GROUP 14:C,Si,Ge,Sn,Pb

Prepared by : LEE WEI SHAN/U6F

Analysis of the STPM Chemistry Questions (2001-2009);group 14

years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number of questions ppr 1:ppr 2

2 ; sec B 2 ; sec A

1 ; 1 sec A

2 ; 1 sec A

2 ; sec B

Allotropes
An allotrope is a variant of a substance consisting of only one type of atom as different form under different condition. This dictinctive form of the same element are known as allotropes.

Graphite used as lubricant (powder or oily suspension) layered lattice structure hexoganal for the crystal system density is 2.25 g cm-3 each carbon atom is bonded by strong covalent bonds (sp2 hybridisation / trigonal planar) with three other carbon atoms to formed hexagonal ring. the layer are held together by weak van der Waals forces. graphite is soft and slippery due to weak van der Waals forces allow the layer to slide over one another. graphite is a moderate conductor of electricity along its layer (in the direction parallel but not perpendicular to the laver) due to a free electron (per carbon atom) which can move throughout the solid lattice. (Each carbon atom has one outer shell electron (unhybridised p electron) which is not used to form covalent bonds.)

Diamond used as abrasives (high velocity cutting tools) and ornaments (high refractive index) crystallises in a face-centred cubic structure. single giant molecule. density is 3.50 g cm-3 each carbon atom is bonded by strong covalent bonds (sp3 hybridisation) with four other carbon atoms to formed three-dimensional giant structure. diamond has great hardness and high melting point due to the strong covalent bonds in the 3-D structure. diamond is a non-conductor of electricity due to all the four valence electrons of the carbon atoms are involved with covalent bonding, therefore no free/delocalised electrons.

Fullerene / Buckyball / Buckminsterfullerene used as lubricant, semi-conductor, superconductors and catalyst

Molecular formulae of fullerene are C20 (smallest member), C32, C60 (most common member), C70, C76, C78, C84 and C90. spherical molecules of 20 90 carbon atoms (32 sides, 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons). simple molecular solid. each carbon atom is bonded by strong covalent bonds (sp2 hybridisation / trigonal planar) with three other carbon atoms. Fullerene is a superconductor when it mixed with other metals.

USES OF CARBON IN INDUSTRY

Composite materials, often shortened to composites or called composition materials, are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties.Examples of carbon compounds and their uses are :
COMPOSITE COMPOUND CARBON LAMINATES USES AIRCRAFTS,BOAT HULLS

KEVLAR
CARBON AND FIBREGLASS TUNGSTEN CARBIDA CARBON CONCRETE

CANVAS FOR TENT,ARMOUR

SPORTS EQUIPMENT CUTTING TOOLS,ABRASIVE CONSTRUCTION

USE OF SILICON AND SILICATE IN INDUSTRY

Silicon is use: in the electronics industry as a semiconductor, in alloys used in the electrical industry, and for the manufacture of Silicones, which are use as fluid,elastomer,resin.

Silicate is use In: primary raw material for industrial Portland cement production of glass for windows, drinking glasses, beverage bottles, and many other uses

 Silicates are compounds where Si and O are abundant and are major mineral components of the earths crust and mantle The basic unit for all silicates is the (SiO4)4tetrahedron. eg: zircon,ZrSiO4 which can be cut to look like diamond calcium silicate Ca2SiO4,important component in cement.

 Inosilicates -(chain silicates)

The most important two mineral groups are the pyroxenes and the amphiboles.

Ring and chain silicates

SiO2 / \ O O | | O2Si SiO2 \ / O The precious stone beryl Be3Al2(SiO3)6 contain six-silica rings.

Single chain silica are called pyroxenes. The natural pyroxenes include enstatite, MgSiO3; diopside, CaMg(SiO3)2; and jadeite, NaAl(SiO3)2.

SHEET SILICATES
Is formed when each silicate tetrahedron is linked to three other by sharing 3 oxygen atom per unit,an infinite 2D sheet structure is formed. Bonded weakly together Cleave heavily on to one another Weak van der waal forces causes it to glide and give a slippery feel.

FRAMEWORK STRUCTURES
Formed when all 4 angles of SiO4 are shared by 4 other unit Quartz shape Used as oscilators, optic instruments and glass

KAOLIN
Label given due to high quality clay Al2Si2O5(OH)4

Formed by removing 1 layer of SiO2 are removed so 1 layer of SiO4 shares corner with 1 layer of AlO6.
used in ceramics, medicine, coated paper, as a food additive in toothpaste, as a light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs, and in cosmetics. It is generally the main component in porcelain.

MOMTMORILLONITE
Molecular formula of (Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Consist of identical sheets

Forms semi-solid gel in water

Used in cation-exchange chromatography

SILICA IS THE MAIN COMPONENT OF GLASS

GLASS SODA GLASS COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTIC USES bottles, jars, everyday drinking glasses, and window glass.

SiO2,NA2C03,CAC Transparent,low O3 melting point,not resistent to heat and chemical reaction

Borosilicate glass

SIO,B203,NA2O,A Heat resistent,low Test L2O3 thermal tube,cooking expansion,transparen ware t to coloured light and infra-rays SiO2 Low thermal expansion,high transparency High refractive index,high density Optical studies

Quartz glass

Lead glass(crystal glass)

Sio2,PbO2,Na2O

Lens and prisms

METAL OXIDES ARE SOMETHIMES ADDED TO GLASS TO PRODUCE COLOURED GLASS eg: co2+ for dark blue colour,it aslo softens over a wide rang of temperatures

USES OF TIN ALLOYS

Tin is extracted from cassiterite ore (SnO2), Used in making cans and alloys

STPM 2003/P1/Q23
Carbon fibres is one of the components of a composite substance which is used to make bullet-proof jackets.Which if the following is not a property of carbon fibres? A low density B inert towards chemical cubstances C stable at high temperatures Delastic

STPM 2007/P1/Q27
Which of the follwing statement is true of glass? a.It consist of well arranged silicate units b.It withstand the actions of strong alkali c.It softens at a wide range of temperatures d.It can be coloured by adding soda limes