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spin-spin splitting : (n +1) rule (n: proton ) Ha: 2 proton: 2+1=3 peaks Hb: 1 proton: 1+1=2 peaks
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1H NMRSpin-Spin Splitting
4 4
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Ethyl Bromide
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magnetic interactions between nonequivalent protons on adjacent carbons, The process is called spin-spin splitting
adjacent carbon(s), This is the n+1 rule
The splitting is into one more peak than the number of Hs on the The relative intensities are in proportion of a binomial distribution
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More deshielded
More shielded
X A .
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coupling NMR spectrum ! 12C-H But, (13C 1.1%, 99% 12C) 13C-H J=215 Hz 13C (satelite) (carbon NMR )
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Protons that are farther than two carbon atoms apart do not
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1H NMRSpin-Spin Splitting
If Ha and Hb are not equivalent, splitting is observed when:
Splitting is not generally observed between protons separated by more than three bonds.
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Because there are two different ways to align one proton with B0, and one proton against B0that is, a b and abthe middle peak of the triplet is twice as intense as the two outer peaks, making the ratio of the areas under the three peaks 1:2:1. Two adjacent protons split an NMR signal into a 5/2/12 triplet.
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Spec-
Whenever two (or three) different sets of adjacent protons are equivalent to each other, use the n + 1 rule to determine the splitting pattern.
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Spec-
Whenever two (or three) different sets of adjacent protons are equivalent to each other, use the n + 1 rule to determine the splitting pattern.
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Spec-
Whenever two (or three) different sets of adjacent protons are not equivalent to each other, use the n + 1 rule to determine the splitting pattern only if the coupling constants (J) are identical:
Free rotation around C-C bonds averages coupling constant to J = 7Hz
c a a
Jab = Jbc
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Spec-
Whenever two (or three) different sets of adjacent protons are not equivalent to each other, use the n + 1 rule to determine the splitting pattern conly if the coupling constants (J) are identical:
a
c b
Jab = Jbc
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1H NMRStructure Determination
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