Submitted to: Mrs.

submitted by Ashu (Maharaj) Bageshwar

 Fuel is termed as any naturally occurring or manufactured

substance which acts as a source of energy or raw material for the chemical industry. The term includes all combustible substances which contain carbon as a main constituent. After burning ,fuel gives large amount of heat which can be used for economic purposes. Wood, charcoal, Kerosene, petrol, diesel, oil gas etc. are some common examples of fuels.

 The fuels may be classified into two categories:

Primary or natural fuels Secondary or derived fuels

 Primary fuels are natural fuels found freely on the earths crust.

These may be categorized as:

Solid fuels: wood , peat , coal , dung and so on. Liquid fuels: crude oil and so on. Gaseous fuels: natural gas and so on.

 These are artificially manufactured or prepared from

Primary fuels. These may be solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. Some common examples of different types of fuels are:

Solid fuels : Coke, charcoal and so on. Liquid fuels : kerosene, diesel, petrol, fuel oil, gasoline,

L.P.G. and so on.

Gaseous fuels : Coal gas, water gas, oil gas, compressed

butane, biogas, blast furnace, gas etc.

 The fuel should have a high calorific value.

The ignition temperature should be low so that it can

burn smoothly. it reduces

The moisture content in a fuel should be low because

the combustion process of a fuel.

There should be no spontaneous combustion because it

causes fire hazards.

A good fuel should burn efficiently without smoke.

 The calorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat obtained by complete combustion of a unit mass of fuel.
Units of calorific value 1. 2. 3. 4.

Calorie: Kilo Calorie:

1 calorie=4.185 Joule=4.185x107 erg 1 kcal= 1000 cal

British thermal unit: Centigrade heat unit:

1 B.T.U.=252 cal=0.252 kcal

1 kcal=3.968 BTU

 LCV: Low Calorific Value

is defined as the amount of heat liberated when one unit of fuel is burnt completely and the combustion products are allowed to escape.

HCV: Higher Calorific Value is defined as the amount of

heat liberated when one unit of fuel is burnt completely and the products of combustion have been cooled at room temperature.

 The term bio-mass is used for the dead plants and trees and the

waste material of living organisms .Biomass includes wood, sewage , cattle , dung , agricultural wastes .

The various ways of using bio-mass as a fuel

Direct use of bio-mass like the use of wood , cattle dung,

agriculture waste. Indirect method of using bio-mass is first converted into a fuel and then these fuel are used for heating purpose.

 The cheapest and most easiest available bio-gas is

gobar gas . it consists mainly of methane. It burns with a blue flame and its average calorific value is about 5300kcal/m3.

Composition: the composition of gobar gas is

Constituent Percentage Methane 55% H2 7.4% Co2 35% N2 2.6%

Gobar gas does not contain poisonous gas , CO as an ingredient. Gobar gas is free from smoke , dust ,dirt etc. It can provide the flame temperature of 540 degree . : Gobar gas should be used within 10 meters from the gobar gas plant. : It is used as domestic fuel in many villages. It is also used for lighting and power purpose.