Timer (Part 1)

M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.
con Microprocessors Microprocessors 1 1- -1 1

80bI
fimer/counfer
M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con Microprocessors Microprocessors 1 1- -2 2
Timers /Counters Programming
The 80bI hos Z fimers/counfers:
fimer/counfer 0
fimer/counfer I
They con be used os
I. The timer is used os o fime deIoy generofor.
The cIock source is fhe internuI crysfoI frequency of fhe
80bI.
Z. An evenf counter.
ternuI input from inpuf pin fo counf fhe number of evenfs
on regisfers.
These cIock puIses coId represenf fhe number of peopIe
possing fhrough on enfronce, or fhe number of wheeI
rofofions, or ony ofher evenf fhof con be converfed fo
puIses.
Timer
$ef fhe inifioI voIue of regisfers
$forf fhe fimer ond fhen fhe 80bI counfs up.
Inpuf from infernoI sysfem cIock (mochine cycIe)
When fhe regisfers equoI fo 0 ond fhe 80bI
sefs o bif fo denofe fime ouf
to
LCD
P1
1
TL0
TH0
P2
Set
Timer 0
M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con Microprocessors Microprocessors 1 1- -
Counter
ounf fhe number of evenfs
$how fhe number of evenfs on regisfers
ExfernoI inpuf from T0 inpuf pin (P3.4) for ounfer 0
ExfernoI inpuf from TI inpuf pin (P3.b) for ounfer I
ternuI input from Tx inpuf pin.
We use Tx fo denofe T0 or TI.
T0
to
LCD
P3.4
P1
1
a switch
TL0
TH0
#egisters Used in Timer/Counter
TH0, TL0, THI, TLI
TMOD (Timer mode regisfer)
TOM (Timer confroI regisfer)
TMOD #egister
Timer mode regisfer: %
MOV TMOD,#21H
An 8-bif regisfer
$ef fhe usoge mode for fwo fimers
$ef Iower 4 bifs for Timer 0 ($ef fo 0000 if nof
used)
$ef upper 4 bifs for Timer I ($ef fo 0000 if nof
used)
Mof bif-oddressobIe
TE C/T M1 M0 TE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
(MSB) (LSB)
M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con M_NoIIodcIun uIoo.con Microprocessors Microprocessors 1 1- -
ate
Every fimer hos o meon of sforfing ond sfopping.
0ATE~0
nternuI confroI
The sforf ond sfop of fhe fimer ore confroIIed by woy of 8oftwure,
$ef/cIeor fhe TP for sforf/sfop fimer.
$ET8 TP0
LP TP0
0ATE~I
ternuI confroI
The hordwore woy of sforfing ond sfopping fhe fimer by 8oftwure
ond un eternuI 8ource.
Timer/counfer is enobIed onIy whiIe fhe IMT pin is high ond fhe TP
confroI pin is sef (TP).
Timer 1 Timer 0
(MSB) (LSB)
igure 9-3. TMOD #egister
% Timer or counfer seIecfed cIeored for fimer
operofion (inpuf from infernoI sysfem cIock). $ef
for counfer operofion (inpuf from Tx inpuf pin).
Timer 1 Timer 0
(MSB) (LSB)
MI M0 Mode Operofing Mode
0 0 -it timer mode 8-bif THx + b-bif TLx (x~ 0 or I)
0 I -it timer mode 8-bif THx + 8-bif TLx
I 0 Z -it uuto reIoud 8-bif oufo reIood fimer/counfer,
THx hoIds o voIue which is fo be
reIooded info
TLx eoch fime if overfIows.
I I $pIif fimer mode
Timer modes
TCON #egister (1/2)
Timer control register: TMOD
Upper nibble Ior timer/counter, lower nibble Ior
interrupts
TR (run control bit)
T#0 Ior Timer/counter 0; T#1 Ior Timer/counter 1.
T# is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/oII.
T#0: oII (stop)
T#1: on (start)
T1 T#1 T0 T#0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 Ior Interrupt
(MSB) (LSB)
TCON #egister (2/2)
% (fimer fIog, confroI fIog)
TF0 for fimer/counfer 0, TFI for fimer/counfer I.
TF is Iike o corry. OriginoIIy, TF~0. When TH-TL roII
over fo 0000 from FFFFH, fhe TF is sef fo I.
TF~0 : nof reoch
TF~I: reoch
If we enobIe inferrupf, TF~I wiII frigger I$P.
T1 T#1 T0 T#0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 Ior Interrupt
(MSB) (LSB)
Equivalent Instructions for the Timer
Control Register
For timer
$ETB TR $ETB TCON.4
CLR TR CLR TCON.4
$ETB TF $ETB TCON.
CLR TF CLR TCON.
For timer 1
$ETB TR1 $ETB TCON.6
CLR TR1 CLR TCON.6
$ETB TF1 $ETB TCON.7
CLR TF1 CLR TCON.7
TF1 IT IE IT1 IE1 TR TF TR1
TCON: Timer/Counter Control #egister
Timer Mode I
In foIIowing, we oII use fimer 0 os on exompIe.
-it fimer (TH0 ond TL0)
TH0-TL0 is incremenfed confinuousIy when TP0 is sef
fo I. And fhe 80bI sfops fo incremenf TH0-TL0 when
TP0 is cIeored.
The fimer works wifh fhe infernoI sysfem cIock. In
ofher words, fhe fimer counfs up eoch mochine cycIe.
When fhe fimer (TH0-TL0) reoches ifs moximum of
FFFFH, if roIIs over fo 0000, ond TF0 is roised.
Progrommer shouId check TF0 ond sfop fhe fimer 0.
$feps of Mode I (I/3)
I. hoose mode I fimer 0
MOV TMOD,#01H
Z. $ef fhe originoI voIue fo TH0 ond TL0.
MOV TH0,#FFH
MOV TL0,#FCH
3. You hod beffer fo cIeor fhe fIog fo monifor:
TF0~0.
CLR TF0
4. $forf fhe fimer.
$TB TR0
Steps oI Mode 1 (2/3)
b. The 80bI sforfs fo counf up by incremenfing fhe
TH0-TL0.
TH-TL FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,H
C D
E
0000
T 0 T 0 T 0 T 0 T 1
TH0 TL0
Start timer
Stop timer
Monitor TF untiI TF=1
TR0=1
TR0=0
TF
Steps oI Mode 1 (3/3)
6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000,
the 8051 set TF0=1.
TH0-TL0= FFFH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)
7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is
raised.
AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
CLR TR0
9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.
CLR TF0
Mode I Progromming
TAL
oscillator
l12
T#
TH TL T
Timer
overIlow
Ilag
C/T
T goes high when 0
Timer Delay Calculation Ior
XTL 11.0592 MHz
(a) in hex
(FFFF - YYXX + 1) k 3s
here YYXX are TH, TL initial values respectively.
Notice that values YYXX are in hex.
(b) in decimaI
Convert YYXX values of the TH, TL register to
decimal to get a NNNNN decimal number
then (65536 - NNNNN) k1.085 3s
ExompIe 9-4 (I/3)
squore wove of b07 dufy on PI.b
Timer 0 is used
;each loop is a half clock
MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit)
HR: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;Timer value = FFF2H
MOV TH0,#0FFH
CPL P1.5
ACALL DLAY
$JMP HR
50 50
whole clock
!1.5
ExompIe 9-4 (Z/3)
;generate delay using timer 0
DLAY:
$TB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
RT
2 3
4
0000
T0 0 T0 0 T0 0 T0 0 T0 1
ExompIe 9-4 (3/3)
$olution:
In the above program notice the Iollowing steps.
1. TMOD 1 is loaded.
2. FFF2His loaded into TH0 TL0.
3. P1.5 is toggled Ior the high and low portions oI the pulse.
4. The DEL subroutine using the timer is called.
5. In the DEL subroutine, timer 0 is started by the '$ETB TR
instruction.
6. Timer 0 counts up with the passing oI each clock, which is provided by the
crystal oscillator.
s the timer counts up, it goes through the states oI 3, 4, 5, 6,
, , 9, , B, C, D, E, H. One more
clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer Ilag (TF 1). t that point, the JNB
instruction Ialls through.
. Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction 'CLR TR. The DEL subroutine
ends, and the process is repeated.
Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL and TH
registers, and start the timer again (in the main program).
ExompIe 9-9 (I/Z)
This progrom generofes o squore wove on pin PI.b Using fimer I
Find fhe frequency.(donf incIude fhe overheod of insfrucfion deIoy)
XTAL ~ II.0b9Z MH;
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN:MOV TL1,#34H ;timer value=3476H
MOV TH1,#76H
$TB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P1.5 ;next half clock
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
$JMP AGAIN ;reload timer1
ExompIe 9-9 (Z/Z)
$4Iuti4n:
FFFFH - 7634H + 1 = 89CCH = 35276 clock count
HaIf peri4d = 35276 k1.085 3s = 38.274 ms
h4Ie peri4d = 2 k38.274 ms = 76.548 ms
Frequency = 1/ 76.548 ms = 13.064 Hz.
4te
ode 1 is not auto reload then the program must reload
the TH1, TL1 register every timer overflo if e ant to
have a continuous ave.
Find Timer VoIues
Assume fhof XTAL ~ II.0b9Z MH; .
And we know desired deIuy
how fo find fhe voIues for fhe TH,TL 7
1. Divide the deIay by 3s and get n
2. Perform -n
3. Convert the result of Step 2 to hex (yyxx )
4. Set TH = yy and TL = xx.
Example 9-12 (1/2)
Assuming XTAL ~ II.0b9Z MH;,
wrife o progrom fo generofe o squore wove of b0 H;
frequency on pin PZ.3.
$oIufion:
1. The period of the square ave = / Hz = 2 ms
2. The high or lo portion of the square ave = ms.
ms / 3s = 92
- 92 = 2 in decimal = H in hex.
5. TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.
ExompIe 9-IZ (Z/Z)
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;Timer value = DC00H
MOV TH1,#0DCH
$TB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P2.3
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
$JMP AGAIN ;reload timer since
;mode 1 is not
;auto-reload
0enerofe o Lorge Time DeIoy
The si;e of fhe fime deIoy depends on fwo focfors:
They crysfoI frequency
The fimer's Io-bif regisfer, TH & TL
The Iorgesf fime deIoy is ochieved by moking TH~TL~0.
Whof if fhof is nof enough7
Mexf ExompIe show how fo ochieve Iorge fime deIoy
ExompIe 9-I3
Exomine fhe foIIowing progrom ond find fhe fime deIoy in seconds.
ExcIude fhe overheod due fo fhe insfrucfions in fhe Ioop.
MOV TMOD,#10H
MOV R3,#200
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#08
MOV TH1,#01
$TB TR1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1
CLR TF1
DJNZ R3,AGAIN
$oIution:
TH - TL ~ 0I08H ~ Zo4 in decimoI
obb3o - Zo4 ~ obZ7Z.
One of fhe fimer deIoy ~ obZ7Z kI.08b 3s ~ 70.8Z0 ms
TofoI deIoy ~ Z00 k70.8Z0 ms ~ I4.Io40Z4 seconds

Timer (Part 1)

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con Microprocessors Microprocessors 1 1- -1 1

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