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Semen and semen stains Bones Teeth Hair with root Hair shaft Saliva (with nucleated cells) Urine Feces Debris from fingernails Muscle tissue Cigarette butts Postage stamps Envelope sealing flaps Dandruff Fingerprints Personal Items: Razor blade,
chewing gum, wrist watch, ear wax, toothbrush
Budowle 1995 Gill 1994 Alvarez 1996 Higuchi 1988 Wilson 1995 Sweet 1997 Benecke 1996 Hopwood 1996 Wiegand 1993 Hochmeister 1998a Hochmeister 1991 Hopkins 1994 Word 1997 Herber 1998 Van Oorschot 1997 Tahir 1996
2002 Academic Press
proteinase K
VORTEX Centrifuge
CONCENTRATE sample
(Centricon/Microcon-100 or ethanol precipitation)
Centrifuge
QUANTITATE DNA
PERFORM PCR
Chelex Extraction
Blood stain Water INCUBATE
(ambient)
5% Chelex
INCUBATE (56 oC) INCUBATE (100 oC) Centrifuge QUANTITATE DNA PERFORM PCR
FTA Paper
Apply blood to paper and allow stain to dry WASH Multiple Times with extraction buffer PUNCH REMOVE supernatant
PCR Reagents
PERFORM PCR
2002 Academic Press
10 ng
5 ng 2.5 ng 1.25 ng 0.63 ng
1.25 ng
2.5 ng 5 ng 10 ng 20 ng
1 genome copy = (~3 x 109 bp) x (618 g/mol/bp) = 1.85 x 1012 g/mol = (1.85 x 1012 g/mol) x (1 mole/6.02 x 1023 molecules) = 3.08 x 10-12 g = 3.08 picograms (pg)
Since a diploid human cell contains two copies of each chromosome, then each diploid human cell contains ~6 pg genomic DNA
2002 Academic Press
1 ng genomic DNA (1000 pg) = ~333 copies of each locus (2 per 167 diploid genomes)
Sample Sources
Blood Blood stains Semen and semen stains Skin or other tissue Bone, teeth, hair Feces, urine, saliva
D3 AMEL
D5 VWA
Penta D Penta E
Blood Stain
PCR Amplification with Fluorescent STR Kits and Separation with Capillary Electrophoresis