vAC8lZL8S

Anesthet|c Vapor|zers
lL ls a devlce used Lo produce a conLrolled and
predlcLable concenLraLlon of anesLheLlc vapor
ln Lhe carrler gas passlng Lhrough Lhe
vaporlzer
lasslflcaLlon
lenum
oslLlve pressure ls developed upsLream of vaporlzers eg
All 1ec Lype vaporlzer and keLLle Lype Plgh reslsLance Lo
gas flow
urawover
Sub aLmospherlc pressure ls developed ln gas sLream dlsLal
Lo vaporlzers elLher by paLlenL or mechanlcal means eg
LMC Cxford MlnlaLure vaporlzers Low ln reslsLance Lo gas
flow
Cxford MlnlaLure vaporlzer
ass|f|cat|on ass|f|cat|on
11 Agent spec|f|c ] mut|pe agent Agent spec|f|c ] mut|pe agent
22 Var|abe bypass ] measured fow Var|abe bypass ] measured fow
33 Iow over ] bubbe thru Iow over ] bubbe thru
44 VC ] VI VC ] VI
eaLures of modern vap
Var|abe bypass
resh gas spllLs lnLo bypass gas and carrler gas
Iow over
arrler gas flows over Lhe surface of Lhe llquld volaLlle agenL ln Lhe
vaporlzlng chamber
@emperature compensated
Lqulpped wlLh auLomaLlc devlces LhaL ensure sLeady vaporlzer ouLpuL
over a wlde range of amblenL LemperaLures
Agentspec|f|c
Cnly callbraLed for a slngle gas usually wlLh keyed flllers
Cut of c|rcu|t
hyslcal prlnclples
Vapor pressure
ressure exerLed by Lhe mol Cf vapors on Lhe wall of conLalner
SaLuraLed vapor pressure (wlcks/ baffles/ bubble Lhrough)
v lncreases wlLh LemperaLure/physlcal characLerlsLlcs of volaLlle anesLh
agenL
noL affecLed by Lhe amblenL pressure
AL bolllng polnL vapour ressure ALmospherlc pressure
atent heat of vapor|zat|on
number of calorles needed Lo converL 1 gram of llquld Lo vapor wlLhouL a
Lemp change 1emp of remalnlng llquld falls and may decrease raLe of
vaporlzaLlon
pec|f|c heat
number of calorles needed Lo lncrease Lhe Lemp of 1 gram of a
subsLance(of vaporlzer) by 1 degree
@herma conduct|v|ty
Measure of speed wlLh whlch heaL flows Lhrough a subsLance
vapare made of copper havlng hlgh sp PeaL and hlgh Lhermal conducLlvlLy
lL helps malnLaln a unlform LemperaLure
vapor pressure versus LemperaLure curves for desflurane lsoflurane haloLhane enflurane and sevoflurane
1he vapor pressure curve for desflurane ls sLeeper and shlfLed Lo hlgher vapor pressures compared wlLh Lhe
curves for oLher conLemporary lnhaled anesLheLlcs (ltom loboleJ ooestbetlc pockoqe losett epootloos ooJ
ftom 5osoy 5k 5mltb MA lockwooJ CC 1be sotototeJ vopot ptessote of Jesflotooe ot votloos
tempetototes Aoestb Aoolq 8J864866 1996)
SaLuraLed vapor pressure
1he mosL lmporLanL facLor governlng vaporlzer
deslgn ls Lhe saLuraLed vapor pressure (Sv) of Lhe
anesLheLlc Sv ls a measure of Lhe volaLlllLy of Lhe
llquld anesLheLlc ln Lhe carrler gas
AnesLheLlcs wlLh a hlgh Sv wlll requlre a smaller
proporLlon of Lhe LoLal gas flowlng Lhrough Lhe
vaporlzer Lo pass Lhrough Lhe vaporlzlng chamber Lo
produce a glven concenLraLlon Lhan wlll anesLheLlcs
wlLh a low Sv
olllng polnL
1emp aL whlch vapor pressure equals aLmospherlc pressure
Halothane Halothane Enflurane Enflurane soflurane soflurane Sevoflurane Sevoflurane Desflurane Desflurane
SVP at SVP at
20 20
0 0
cc
243 243 175 175 240 240 168 168 668 668
Boiling Boiling
point at 20 point at 20
C C
50 50 56 56 49 49 58 58 22.8 22.8
Max Sv
lncreaslng Lhe surface area for Lhe carrler gas
by Lhe use of
Wlcks
Serles of affles
ubbllng Lhe gas Lhrough Lhe llqlud
volaLlle anesLheLlc
1emp compensaLlon
PeaL Lransferred from surroundlng meLal
(copper)
1emp compensaLed valve whlch lncreases Lhe
flow as Lhe Lemp falls by ad[usLlng Lhe
spllLLlng raLlo
lmeLalllc sLrlp
slngle meLal
ellows
vAC8lZL8
use aL hyperbarlc pressure
Sv ls unaffecLed by amblenL pressure
arLlal pressure remalns Lhe same
uepLh of anesLhesla ls dependenL on parLlal
pressure raLher Lhan on lLs
Pence Lhe same vap an be used aL varylng
aLm ressure
haracter|st|cs of |dea VACkI2Lk
erformance noL affecLed by changes ln
vol of llquld agenL amblenL Lemp and
pressure dec ln Lemp and pressure
Low reslsLance Lo flow
LlghL wL wlLh small llquld requlremenL
Lconomlcal and safeLy ln use
orroslon and solvenL reslsLanL
enerlc var|abebypass vaporlzer
vaporlzer componenLs lnclude Lhe concenLraLlon conLrol dlal Lhe bypass
chamber Lhe vaporlzlng chamber Lhe flller porL and Lhe flller cap
CperaLlng prlnclples of varlable bypass
vaporlzers
SpllLLlng raLlo
eLween carrler and bypass depends on concenLraLlon conLrol dlal
1emp compensaLed valve
LffecL of flow raLe varlaLlon ls noLable aL exLremes of flow raLes
CuLpuL ls consLanL over Lhe range of flow from 230ml13L/mln
LffecL of amblenL Lemp
CuLpuL ls llnear (unlform lncrease) from 2033 enLlgrade due Lo
AuLomaLlc Lemp compensaLlon devlces
Wlcks ln conLacL wlLh Lhe walls of vaporlzer replace heaL used for
vaporlzaLlon
MeLals of hlgh speclflc heaL and Lhermal conducLlvlLy
LffecL of lnLermlLLenL back pressure/ umplng effecL
Long lnleL Lube Lo vaporlzlng chamber
Cne way check valve aL common gas ouLleL
Lqual vol of bypass and vaporlzaLlon chamber
Slmpllfled schemaLlc drawlng of Lhe Chmeda 1ec
Lype vaporlzer % @emp ompensat|on)
@L 3 Chmeda @L 4
@L S
@L 4
Vapor 19n
@L S
ulfferences ln 1L serles
@L 2 obsoleLe
@L 3 lmproved vaporlzaLlon due Lo lncreased area of wlcks
long lnleL porL ln Lhe vaporlzlng chamber
lmproved accuracy aL low gas flows
lmeLalllc sLrlp ln bypass channel
@L 4 no splllage ln bypass channel lf vaporlzer lnverLed
lnablllLy Lo Lurn on Lwo vaporlzers aL a Llme
@L S lmproved surface area for vaporlzaLlon ln chamber
lmproved keyed fllllng acLlon
easler mechanlsm for swlLchlng on Lhe roLary valve
@ec 2 a blmeLalllc sLrlp lncreases flow Lhrough Lhe
vaporlzlng chamber when LemperaLure decreases
@ec 3 a blmeLalllc sLrlp lncreases flow Lhrough Lhe
bypass chamber when LemperaLure lncreases
Ch|o 100 a bellows and Lhlmble valve lncreases flow
Lhrough Lhe bypass when LemperaLure lncreases
Ch|o 100 a bellows and Lhlmble
valve lncreases flow Lhrough Lhe
bypass when LemperaLure
lncreases
uaLexChmeda 1ec 6 vaporlzers for
uesflurane
lL ls an elecLrlcally heaLed pressurlzed devlce
speclflcally deslgned Lo dellver desflorane
uesflurane has bolllng polnL of 228 MA
value of 6 Lo 7
roblems of uesflurane
At 20 the vapor pressure of desfurane |s near 1
atmosphere664mm of Pg
vapor pressure of enflurane lsoflurane haloLhane and
desflurane aL 20 are 172240244 and 668
AL 1 aLmosphere and 20 o100mL/mln flow passlng
Lhrough vaporlzlng chamber would carry 733 mL/mln
desflurane versus 2946 and 47 mL/mln of enflurane
lsoflurane and haloLhane respecLlvely
under Lhese condlLlons Lo produce 1 of desflurane we
need 73L/mln pass flow as compared Lo 3L/mln for oLher
anesLheLlcs Lo pass Lhrough vaporlzer
@ec 6 Desfurane Vapor|zer
uaLexChmeda 1ec 6 vaporlzers for
uesflurane
descrlbed as a gas/vapor blender Lhan as a vaporlzer
lL ls heaLed elecLrlcally Lo 33 wlLh a pressure of 1330 mmPg( 2 aLm)
LlecLronlc monlLors of vaporlzer funcLlon
does noL enLer vaporlzaLlon chamber lnsLead uesflurane vapor enLers
Lhe paLh of
ercenLage conLrol dlal regulaLes Lhe flow of uesflurane lnLo
ulal callbraLlon ls from 1 Lo 18
rovlded wlLh back up 9 volL baLLery
Aad|n assette Vapor|zer ystem
A Nove system
|nge vapor|zer capabe of de|ver|ng
S d|fferent anaesthet|c agents
lL ls deslgned for use wlLh uaLexChmeda S/3 Auu and slmllar
machlnes
ls dlvlded lnLo by pass flow and llquld chamber flow
Llquld chamber flow conducLed lnLo agenL speclflc color coded
casseLLe ln whlch volaLlle anesLheLlc ls vaporlzed
Machlne accepLs only one casseLLe aL a Llme and recognlzes casseLLe
Lhrough ,agnet|c abe|ng
Aladln casseLLe vaporlzer
SafeLy feaLures
lmporLanL safeLy feaLures lnclude
olour speclflc for each agenL
keyed flllers boLLles
Low fllllng porL
Secured vaporlzers (less ablllLy Lo move Lhem abouL mlnlmlzes Llpplng)
lnLerlocks
Cnly one vaporlzer ls Lurned on
as enLers only Lhe one whlch ls on
1race vapor ouLpuL ls mlnlmlzed when Lhe vaporlzer ls off
vaporlzers are locked lnLo Lhe gas clrculL Lhus ensurlng Lhey are seaLed correcLly
oncenLraLlon dlal lncreases ouLpuL ln all when roLaLed counLerclockwlse
(as seen from above
keyflllers
keyflller vaporlzer boLLles
When one vaporlzer ls ln use Lhe plns exLend
and prevenL oLher vaporlzers belng swlLched on
Chmeda SelecLaLec vaporlzers lncorporaLe
plns ln Lhe manlfold LhaL are llnked Lo Lhe
conLrol dlal
1he urager lnLerlock 1 sysLem for vapor 192
vaporlzers feaLures a roLaLlng bar on Lhe
manlfold wlLh LeeLh LhaL flL lnLo a cuLouL on
Lhe back of Lhe conLrol dlal
Pazards
1lpplng
lf Llpped 43 degreesllquld can obsLrucL Lhe ouLleL valves
1xlush for 2030 mln aL hlgh flow raLes wlLh dlal seL aL hlgh conc
Cverfllllng
May resulL ln hlgh ouLpuL
lll only up Lo max fllllng llne
lll only when Lhe vaporlzer ls off
Leaks
8elaLlvely common due Lo malposlLlon or loose flller cap
noL deLecLed wlLh sLandard checkllsLperform negaLlve pressure
check
Pazards conL
,|sf||ng
vaporlzers noL equlpped wlLh keyed fllllng lead Lo mlsfllllng
ontam|nat|on
lL occurs by fllllng a vaporlzer wlLh conLamlnaLed anesLheLlc
boLLle
Dnderf||ng
Leads Lo decvaporlzer ouLpuL
|mutaneous Inhaed Anesthet|c Am|n|strat|on
Pappened ln old machlnes wlLh no lnLerlock sysLem
1PAnk ?Cu