Hydraulics &

Pneumatics
Technology
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What is Fluid
Power ?

 Technology that deals with generation, control and

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transmission of power, using pressurized fluids

example: brake automobile, launches spacecraft,
mines coal, drives machine tools even drills teeth.
 Hydraulics – when the fluid is liquid
- petroleum oils, synthetic oils and
water.
 Pneumatics – when the fluid is gas
- air (very abundant and can be readily
exhausted into the atmosphere after completing
task)
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Hydraulics

Hydraulic Basics
HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS

Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or

motion through the medium of a confined liquid. In a
hydraulic device, power is transmitted by pushing on a
confined liquid. The transfer of energy takes place
because a quantity of liquid is subject to pressure. To
operate liquid-powered systems, the operator should have
a knowledge of the basic nature of liquids. This chapter
covers the properties of liquids and how they act under
different conditions.

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Fluid System

Fluid transport
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Delivery of a fluid from one location to another to

accomplish some useful purpose.

Fluid power
Designed specifically to perform work.
Work-accomplished by a pressurized fluid bearing directly
on an operating fluid cylinder or fluid motor.
Fluid cylinder-produces a force in linear motion.
Fluid motor-produces a torque in rotary motion.

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EXAMPLES
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Hydraulic chain saw

Dextrous hand

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Advantages of using
Hydraulics

1. Very high force despite small components (if

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pneumatics, bigger components are needed for

high force, thus, incur high cost as well as
wastage of compressed air)
2. Very slow and linear movements (if
pneumatics, too slow will create jerking on the
cylinder)
3. Very exact positioning (stops exactly on a
point). Compared to pneumatics, there’s a
tolerance and if a load is given, it will move a
little.
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Advantages of using
Hydraulics
1. Start-up under heavy loads (Possible to start
the motor & process a job with a load
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attached to it. This is because there is oil in

the actuator though the pump is idling).

3. Simplicity, safety, economy

In general, fluid power systems use fewer
moving parts than comparable mechanical or
electrical systems. Thus, they are simpler to
maintain and operate. This, in turn,
maximizes safety, compactness and
reliability.
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oceanography
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Disadvantages of using
Hydraulics

1. Slow movement of actuators (Pneumatics are faster)

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2. Messy (Leakage may occur and if not bothered, the

surrounding area could be messy. However, constant
cleaning could avoid messy.)
3. Dangerous!
i. It produces extreme pressure and if there’s a
leakage, oil will be forced out. Stopping the flow with
bare hand would result in a punctuated wound.
ii. While in process, oil became hot and flammable
(though not easily happened). Therefore, it is
advisable to control the temperature by limiting it
(turning off the machine if the limit is exceeded).

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General Application of
Hydraulics

Mobile Hydraulics Stationary Hydraulics

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Using manual Using electro-

hydraulics to control hydraulics to control
•Crane •Press machine
•Excavator •Molding machine
•Back-hoe •Lathe machine

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4 hydraulic cylinders

stick

boom
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bucket

excavator

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Sky-tram

Sky tram is unique. It is self-propelled and travels on a

stationary cable. Because the tram moves instead of the
cable, the operator can stop, start, and reverse any one car
completely independently of any other car in the tram system.
Integral to the design of the Sky-tram drive is a pump (driven
by a standard eight-cylinder gasoline engine) which supplies
pressurized fluid to four hydraulic motors.

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forklift
Tilt Cylinders - are hydraulic cylinders that are mounted to the truck frame and the
mast. The tilt cylinders pivot the mast to assist in engaging a load.
The Mast - is the vertical assembly that does the work of raising and lowering the load.
It is made up of interlocking rails that also provide lateral stability. The interlocking rails
may either have rollers or bushings as guides. The mast is either hydraulically operated
by one or more hydraulic cylinders or it may be chain operated with a hydraulic motor
providing motive power. It may be mounted to the front axle or the frame of the forklift.
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Pressure Transfer Medium

Form of liquid used

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Oil, when surrounding is not hot (car brake system)

5. Water, when surrounding is hot / very hot. To

avoid corrosion and to have better lubrication,
water is usually mixed with some additives (food
processing, semiconductor process, paper
manufacturing, construction works, medical and
welfare appliances).

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Pressure Transfer Medium
Gas Vs.
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•Compressible, both in
theory and practical
•Pressure is storable
Liquid
• Not compressible in
theory, however, is
compressible up to
0.7% in practical (due
to small quantity of
air in the liquid)
•Pressure is not
storable. Released
when the pump stops.
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Common Fluid in Hydraulic System

Base stock may be either castor oil, glycol, ester,

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ethers, mineral oil, chutte etc.

Some of the trade names for hydraulics fluids

include:
•Durad®
•Fyrquel®
•Houghton-Safe®
•lubritherin®
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Fluid Selection

A hydraulic fluid has the following 4 primary functions:-

2. Transmit power
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3. Lubricate moving parts

4. Seal clearance between mating parts
5. Dissipate heat
In addition a hydraulic fluid must be inexpensive and readily
available. A hydraulic fluid should have the following
properties:-
2. Good lubricity
3. Ideal viscosity
4. Chemical stability
5. Fire resistance
6. Low density
7. Foam resistance
8. Nontoxicity
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Fluids: Liquids and Gases

Liquids – refer to both gases and liquids.

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- is a fluid that, for a given mass, will have a

definite volume independent of the shape of its
container.
- A free surface is also formed in the case of a
body of water, such as a lake.
Gases – fluids that are readily compressible. In addition,
their volume will vary to fill the vessel containing them.
- the gas molecules always fill the entire vessel.

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Physical differences between liquids and gases

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Parameter Liquid Gas

Volume Has its own volume Volume is determined

by container

Shape Takes shape of container Expands to completely

but only to its volume fill and take the shape
of the container

Compressibility Incompressible for most Readily compressib

engineering applications

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Key
Equation

W
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 Specific weight γ=
V
m
 Density
ρ=
V
 Kinematic viscosity µ
ν=
ρ

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Pressure

Pressure is force exerted against a specific area (force per unit

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area) expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure can

cause an expansion, or resistance to compression, of a fluid that
is being squeezed. A fluid is any liquid or gas (vapor). Force is
anything that tends to produce or modify (push or pull) motion
and is expressed in pounds.

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Continue…

The earth has an atmosphere of air extending 50 miles

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up, and this air has weight. This air creates a head of
pressure that is called atmospheric pressure. A column of
air 1 square inch in cross section and the height of the
atmosphere would weigh 14.7 pounds at sea level. Thus,
the earth's atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi at sea level.
The role of atmospheric pressure in most hydraulic
systems is significant.

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Force
Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
Hence, pressure is the amount of force acting
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over a unit area, as indicated by

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area

(A)
Example of P at 100 kPa and A at 20 m²,

F = P x A, so F = 100 kPa x 20 m²
F = 2000 kN.

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Example
 A lifting is to lift a load of 15kN and is to have
a system pressure of 75 bar. How large does
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the piston surface need to be?

Solution:
P = F/A
A = F/P
= 15000N/(75x105 Pa)
= 0.002 m2

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EXAMPLE

F2=10 kN
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S1 d2=3 m
d1=0.5 m
S2=0.5m
F1 = ?
S1 = ?

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Answer

 F1/A1 = F2/A2
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A1 = 0.1963 m2 (1 mark)
A2 = 7.0686 m2 (1 mark)

F1 = (F2/A2) x A1
= (10 kN / 7.0686 m2) x 0.1963 m2
= 0.278 kN (3 marks)

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Answer

W = F.s
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F1s1 = F2s2
0.278 x s1 = 10 x 0.5
s1 = 17.986 m (5 marks)

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Sky-tram

backhoe

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 Pressure. An example of pressure is the air (gas) that fills an
automobile tire. As a tire is inflated, more air is squeezed into it
than it can hold. The air inside a tire resists the squeezing by
pushing outward on the casing of the tire. The outward push of the
air is pressure. Equal pressure throughout a confined area is a
characteristic of any pressurized fluid. For example, in an inflated
tire, the outward push of the air is uniform throughout. If it were
not, a tire would be pushed into odd shapes because of its
Flow
elasticity.
Flow is the movement of a hydraulic fluid caused by a difference
in the pressure at two points. In a hydraulic system, flow is
usually produced by the action of a hydraulic pump-a device
used to continuously push on a hydraulic fluid. The two ways of
measuring flow are velocity and flow rate.
a. Velocity. Velocity is the average speed at which a
fluid's particles move past a given point,
measured in feet per second (fps). Velocity is an
important consideration in sizing the hydraulic lines that
carry a fluid between the components.
b. Flow Rate. Flow rate is the measure of how much
volume of a liquid passes a point in a given time. Flow rate
determines the speed at which a load moves and, therefore,
is important when considering power.
Energy is the ability to do work. The three forms of energy are
potential, kinetic, and heat. Work measures accomplishments; it
requires motion to make a force do work. Power is the rate of
doing work or the rate of energy transfer.

a. Potential Energy. Potential energy is energy due to position.

An object has potential energy in proportion to its vertical
distance above the earth's surface. For example, water held back
by a dam represents potential energy because until it is released,
the water does not work. In hydraulics, potential energy is a
static factor. When force is applied to a confined liquid, as shown
in Figure 1-4, potential energy is present because of the static
pressure of the liquid. Potential energy of a moving liquid can be
reduced by the heat energy released. Potential energy can also
be reduced in a moving liquid when it transforms into kinetic
energy. A moving liquid can, therefore, perform work as a result
of its static pressure and its momentum.