Module 2

8adlo frequency fundamenLals

Jave ueflnlLlon
ey 1erms
WAmpllLude 1he dlsLance from zero Lo Lhe maxlmum value of each
alLernaLlon ls called Lhe ampllLude 1he ampllLude of Lhe poslLlve
alLernaLlon and Lhe ampllLude of Lhe negaLlve alLernaLlon are Lhe same
Werlod 1he Llme lL Lakes for a slne wave Lo compleLe one cycle ls deflned
as Lhe perlod of Lhe waveform 1he dlsLance Lraveled by Lhe slne wave
durlng Lhls perlod ls referred Lo as lLs wavelengLh
WJavelengLh JavelengLh lndlcaLed by Lhe Creek lambda symbol ls Lhe
dlsLance along Lhe waveform from one polnL Lo Lhe same polnL on Lhe nexL
cycle
Wlrequency 1he number of repeLlLlons or cycles per unlL Llme ls Lhe
frequency Lyplcally expressed ln cycles per second or Pz
W hase lL ls Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lwo waves wlLh Lhe same
frequency
AmpllLudeshlfL keylng
W AmplltoJe 5blft keyloq (A5k) varles Lhe
ampllLude or helghL of Lhe slgnal Lo represenL
Lhe blnary daLa
lrequencyshlfL keylng
W epoeocy 5blft keyloq (5k) varles Lhe
frequency of Lhe slgnal Lo represenL Lhe blnary
daLa
hase ShlfL eylng
W 9bose 5blft keyloq (95k) varles Lhe phase of
Lhe slgnal Lo represenL Lhe blnary daLa
lrequency vs 1lme CalculaLlon
W1he lnverse relaLlonshlp beLween Llme (L) Lhe
perlod ln seconds and frequency (f) ln Pz ls
lndlcaLed by Lhe followlng formulas
WL 1/f
Wf 1/L
JhaL ls JAn 8l 1echnology?
WuaLa senL over Lhe alr waves
W1woway radlo communlcaLlons (half duplex)
WSame radlo frequency for
sendlng recelvlng (Lranscelver)
Wno llcenslng requlred for Clsco AlroneL
Jlreless producLs (ln mosL counLrles)
lrequency vs 1lme CalculaLlon
W1he lnverse relaLlonshlp beLween Llme (L) Lhe
perlod ln seconds and frequency (f) ln Pz ls
lndlcaLed by Lhe followlng formulas
WL 1/f
Wf 1/L
Slne Jave
lrequency vs JavelengLh
lecLromagneLlc Javes
M SpecLrum
8adlo Jave ropagaLlon
8l henomena
WJhen 8l Lravels Lhrough LransparenL maLLer some of
Lhe waves are alLered 1herefore Lhe veloclLy of 24
CPz and 3 CPz mlcrowaves also changes as Lhe waves
Lravel Lhrough maLLer Powever Lhe amounL of
alLeraLlon depends heavlly on Lhe frequency of Lhe
waves and Lhe maLLer
WSome of Lhe phenomena LhaL can affecL JAn radlo
waves as Lhey Lravel Lhrough maLLer lnclude refracLlon
reflecLlon dlffracLlon scaLLerlng and mulLlpaLh
AbsorpLlon
W 1he mosL common 8l behavlor ls obsoptloo
lf Lhe slgnal does noL bounce off an ob[ecL
move around an ob[ecL or pass Lhrough an
ob[ecL Lhen 100 percenL absorpLlon has
occurred
8eflecLlon
8efracLlon
ulffracLlon and ScaLLerlng
W 1he spread|ng out of a wave around an obstac|e |s ca||ed
d|ffract|on
W When ||ght h|ts sma|| part|c|es a phenomenon ca||ed
scatter|ng |s poss|b|e
oss (ALLenuaLlon)
W oss also known as otteoootloo ls besL
descrlbed as Lhe decrease of ampllLude or
slgnal sLrengLh A slgnal may lose sLrengLh
whlle on a wlre or ln Lhe alr
lree Space oss
MulLlpaLh ulsLorLlon
WCccurs when an 8l slgnal
has more Lhan one paLh
beLween a recelver and a
LransmlLLer
W8l Lake more Lhan one
paLh
WMulLlple slgnals cause
dlsLorLlon of Lhe slgnal
WCan cause hlgh slgnal
sLrengLh yeL low slgnal
quallLy
e|||ng
I|oor
1k kk
Cbstruct|on
1|me
kece|ved S|gna|s
omb|ned kesu|ts
1|me
Caln (AmpllflcaLlon)
W olo also known as ompllflcotloo can besL
be descrlbed as Lhe lncrease of ampllLude or
slgnal sLrengLh
W 1he Lwo Lypes of galn are known as acLlve galn
and passlve galn