The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology.

- Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow
(1908 1970)
What humans can, they must be. They must be true to their own nature. - Abraham Maslow

Early Life

Life of Maslow

- Was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. - Maslows childhood was difficult. With my childhood, it is a wonder Im not psychotic My family was miserable and my mother was a horrible creature - Isolated and unhappy, he grew up without close friends or loving parents. - His father was aloof and periodically abandoned his unhappy marriage. - His mother was superstitious and would quickly punish Maslow for the slightest wrongdoing. Unaffectionate and rejecting of him, she openly favored the younger siblings.

Life of Maslow
From monkeys to self-actualization - Maslow went to Cornell and then to the University of Wisconsin to study Psychology. - Ironically, what initially attracted him to psychology was behaviorism, particularly works of John Watson. - He remained a loyal behaviorist, but with the birth of his first daughter, Maslow went a mystical experience similar to the peak experiences he later studied.

Life of Maslow
- Looking at his newborn child, Maslow realized that behaviorism was incapable of providing the understanding of human behavior that he now needed. I look at this tiny, mysterious thing and felt so stupid I was stunned by the mystery and by the sense of not really being in control. Anyone who had a baby couldnt be a behaviorist.
-Maslow

- Maslow served as the chair of the department at Brandeis from 1951 to 1969.

psychology

- While there he met Kurt Goldstein, who had originated the idea of self-actualization in his famous book, The Organism (1934). It was also here that he began his crusade for a humanistic psychology. - He spend his final years in semi-retirement in California, until, on June 8 1970, he died of a heart attack. His family life and his experiences influenced his psychological ideas.

Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs

- Arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and directs behavior.
Instincoids

- Maslows term for the innate needs in his hierarchy theory. - Lower needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher needs become influential.

For example:

Hungry people feel no urge to satisfy the higher need for esteem.

Another example is:

People who are successful in their careers are no longer driven by, or even aware of physiological and safety needs. Because they have fulfill it already.

Thus, we are not driven by all the needs at the same time. In general, only one need would dominate our personality.

Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Needs

Physiological Needs
- Such as food, air, water, and sleep.
Ex. If you have gone too long without eating, you may have realized how trivial the need for love or esteem or else can be when your body is experiencing a physiological deficiency.

Safety Needs

Safety Needs
- such as stability, security, freedom from fear and anxiety. - Maslow believes that the needs for safety and security
typically are important drives for infants and neurotic adults. Many of us choose the predictable other than the unknown. Example: we opt to remain a job even if we dont like it because it provides us security for our future.

Belongingness and Love needs

Belongingness and Love needs

- Once our physiological and safety needs have been reasonably well satisfied, we tend to the needs for belongingness and love.

- These needs can be expressed through a close relationship with a friend, lover, or mate, or through social relationships formed within a group.
- Some attempt to satisfy the need to belong by joining church or a club, enrolling in a class, or volunteering for service organization. - Maslow suggested that the failure to satisfy the need for love is fundamental cause of emotional maladjustment.

Esteem Needs

Esteem needs
- Once we feel loved and have a sense of belonging, we may find ourselves driven by two forms of the need for esteem.

- We require esteem and respect from ourselves in the form of feelings of self-worth, and from other people in the form of status, recognition, or social success.
Satisfaction of self-esteem
-

Lack of self-esteem
Feels inferior Helpless Discouraged Has little confidence to cope.

Feels confident of our strength Of our worth Adequacy, which help us become more competent and productive in all aspects of our life.

Self-actualization Need

Self-actualization needs
- Highest need in Maslows hierarchy depends on the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials, talents and abilities. - If a person is not self-actualizing, he or she will be restless, frustrated, and discontent - Self-actualization is not limited to creative, and intellectual superstars, what is important is to fulfill ones own potentials at the highest level as possible, whatever ones chosen endeavor

Cognitive Needs

Cognitive needs
- Second set of innate needs. (To know and to understand) - The need to know is stronger than the need to understand. Thus, the need to know must be at least partially satisfied before the need to understand can emerge. - The needs to know and to understand appear in late infancy and early childhood and are expressed by children as a natural curiosity.

- Failure to satisfy the cognitive needs is harmful and hinders the full development and functioning of the personality.

Simple Child curiosity

Characteristics of Needs

- The lower the need is in the hierarchy, the greater are its strength, potency and priority. The higher the needs are the weaker needs. - Gratification of higher needs require better external circumstances (social, economic, and political) that gratification of lower needs.

- Higher needs appear later in life. Physiological and safety needs arise in infancy. Belongingness and esteem needs arise in adolescence. The need for self-actualization does not arise until midlife.

Deficit or deficiency needs because if lower needs are postpone or failed to satisfy they produce crisis. Growth or being needs the higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential.

- A need does not have to be satisfied fully before the next need in the hierarchy becomes important. - Maslow proposed a declining percentage of satisfaction for each need. Offering a hypothetical example, he described a person who satisfied, in turn, 85% of physiological needs, 70% of the safety needs, 50% of the belongingness and love needs, 40% of the esteem needs, and 10% of the self-actualization need.

The study of Self-Actualizers

Self-Actualizer

- Are not motivated to strive for a particular goal. Instead, they are said to be developing from within.
- Concerned with fulfilling their potential and with knowing and understanding their environment.

Maslows Theory
- He define that self-actualizing persons differ from others in terms of their basic motivation.

Metamotivation or B-Motivation or Being - The motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object.

D-motivation or Deficiency
- the motivation of people who are not self-actualizers
- Involves striving for something specific to make up for something that is lacking within us.

Maslows Metaneeds and Metapathology

Metaneeds - Are states of being-such as goodness, uniqueness, and perfection-rather than specific goal objects. Metapathology - Prevents self-actualizers from expressing, using, and fulfilling their potential.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
An efficient perception of reality - Self-actualizers perceive their world, including other people clearly and objectively, unbiased by prejudgements or preconceptions.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
An acceptance of themselves, others and nature - Self-actualizers weaknesses. accept their strengths and

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
A spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness - The behavior of self-actualizers is open direct and natural. - Sef-actualizers are individualistic in their ideas and ideals but not necessarily unconventional.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
A sense of detachment and the need for privacy - Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need saluted more than persons who are not self-actualizing. - Self-actualizing on themselves, not on others, for their satisfactions.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
A freshness of appreciation - Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and experience their environment with freshness, wonder, and awe.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
Mystical or speak experiences - Self-actualizers moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike deep religious experiences that can with virtually any activity.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
Social Interest - To indicate the sympathy and empathy selfactualizing persons have for all humanity.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
Profound Interpersonal Relations - Self-actualizers often attract admirers or disciples. - Tend to select as friends those with personal qualities similar to their own, just as we all choose as friends the people we find compatible.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
A Democratic Character Structure - Self-actualizers are tolerant and accepting of the personality and behavior of others.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
Creativeness - Self-actualizer people are highly creativeness and originality in their work and other facts of life.

Characteristic of Self-Actualizers
Resistance to enculturation - Self-actualizer are autonomous, independent, and self-sufficient.

Questions About Human Nature

Questions About Human Nature

- Maslows views of personality is humanistic and optimistic he focused on psychological health rather than illness, growth rather than stagnation, virtues and potentials rather than weaknesses and limitations, - Maslow believed that we are capable of shaping our free will even in the face of negative biological and constitutional factors. Maslow recognized the importance of early childhood experiences in fostering or inhibiting adult to development but he did not believe that we are victims of these experiences.

Assessment in Maslows Theory

Assessment in Maslows Theory

- He started his investigation out of curiosity about two people, who impressed him. - The anthropologist Ruth Benedict and gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer The Personal Orientation Inventory - A self-report questionnaire developed by a psychologist, Everett Shostrom to measure self actualization the test consist of 150 statement - is scored for two major scales and the 10 subscales. The major scales are time competence which a person lives a in the present, and inner directedness with asses how much a person depends on himself or herself rather than on the others for judgment and values.

Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)
The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism. - Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)
The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism. - Carl Rogers

Life of Rogers
A Reliance on His Own Experience - The fourth child in a family of six, Carl Rogers was in 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. - Carl was very shy but very intelligent boy growing up. He had a particular fondness for science, and by the time he was 13 had developed a reputation as the local expert on biology and agriculture. - Ironically, the Rogers household was anything but warm and affectionate. - His parents held strict and religious views and emphasized moral behavior, the suppression of displays of emotion, and the virtue of hard work.

Life of Rogers
- Openly expressing emotions, later a key feature of Rogerian therapy was not allowed. - Rogers grew up with bitter memories of being the inevitable butt of his brothers jokes, even as he was starved of joy by his mother. - His solitude led him to depend on his own resources and experiences, his personal view of the world. This characteristic remained with him throughout his life and become the foundation of his personality.

Life of Rogers
Unique Approach to Counseling - In 1940, he moved from a clinical to an academic setting with an appointment as professor of psychology at Ohio State University. There, Rogers began to formulate his views on counseling for emotionally disturbed person. - Rogers therapy was apparently successful; he emerged with a newfound ability to give and receive love and to form deep emotional relationships with other people including his client.

Life of Rogers
The Self and the tendency toward Actualization - During his trip to China, Roger came to recognize the importance of an autonomous self as factor in his development. - His early research reinforced the importance of the self in the formation of the personality. - Thus, the self become the core of Rogers theory of personality, as it had become the core of his own life. - Rogers believed people are motivated by an innate tendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self.

The Self and the tendency toward Actualization

Actualization tendency - The basic human motivations to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self.

- It encompasses all physiological and psychological needs.

- Begins in the womb, facilitating human growth by providing for the differentiation of the physical organs and the development of physiological functioning. - It is responsible for maturation.

The Self and the tendency toward Actualization

Organismic valuing process - The process by which we judge experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth. - Positive value or the Good/desirable experiences are those we perceive as promoting self actualization - Negative values are those experiences that hinder actualization and are undesirable.

Development of the Self in Childhood

The Experiential World

- Rogers wrote, Experience is for me, the highest authority. - Rogers weighed the impact of the experiential world in which we operate daily. This provides a frame of reference or context that influences our growth. - He answered the question by saying that the reality of our environment depends on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality. - Our perception change with time and circumstances.

The Experiential World

Phenomenology - only reality of which we can be sure is our own subjective world of experience, our inner perception of reality.

- As the actualization tendency in infancy leads us to grow and develop, our experiential world broadens.
- Infants are exposed to more and more sources of stimulation and responds to them as they subjectively perceived.

Development of the Self in Childhood

- As infants gradually develop a more complex experiential field from widening social encounters, one part of their experience becomes differentiated from the rest. The self-concept is also our image of what we are, what we should be, and what we would like to be.

Development of the Self in Childhood

Positive Regard - Acceptance, love and approval from others, most notably from the mother during infancy. - Infants find it satisfying to receive positive regard and frustrating not to receive it or to have it withdrawn.

Ex. If the mother does not offer positive regard, then the infants innate tendency toward actualization and development of the self-concept will be hampered.

Development of the Self in Childhood

Unconditional Positive Regard
- Approval granted regardless of a persons behaviors. In Rogers person centered therapy the therapist over the client unconditional positive regard.
- By this, Rogers meant

that the mothers love for the child is granted freely and fully; it is not conditional or dependent on the childs behavior. - An important aspect of the need for positive regard is it reciprocal nature.

Development of the Self in Childhood

Positive self-regard - The condition under which we grant ourselves acceptance and approval. - Positive self-regard becomes as strong as our need for positive regard from other, and it may be satisfied in the same way

For example: children who are rewarded by their mothers with affection, approval and love when they are happy come to generate positive self-regard whenever they behave in a happy way.

Development of the Self in Childhood

Conditions of Worth - A belief that we are worthy of approval only when we express desirable behaviors and attitudes and refrain from expressing those that bring disapproval from other. It is the opposite of unconditional positive regard. - It is similar to the Freudian superego.

Development of the Self in Childhood

Conditional Positive Regard
- Approval, love or acceptance granted only when a person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes. - Having internalized their parents norms and standards, they view themselves as worthy or unworthy, good or bad, according to the terms their parents defined. - Children believe they are worthy only under certain conditions, the ones that brought parental positive regard and then personal positive self-regard

Development of the Self in Childhood

Incongruence - A discrepancy between a person self-concept and aspects of his or her experience. - This leads to incongruence between the self-concept and the experiential world, the environment as we perceive it. - To maintain our self-concept, we must deny the hatred. We defend ourselves against the anxiety that accompanies the treat by distorting it. - Psychologically healthy people are able to perceive themselves, other people, and events in tier world much as they really are. - They feel worthy under all conditions and situations and are able to use all their experiences.

Characteristics of fully functioning Persons

Characteristics of fully functioning Persons

Fully functioning person- Rogers term for self-actualization Fully functioning person exhibit an awareness of all experience - No experience is distorted or denied: all of it filters through the self. Fully functioning persons live fully and richly in each moment. - All experiences are potentially fresh and new. Fully functioning persons trust in their own organism. - By this phrase Rogers meant that fully functioning persons trust their own reactions rather than being guided by the opinion of others, by a social code or by their intellectual judgment.

Characteristics of fully functioning Persons

Fully functioning persons feel a sense of freedom to make choices without constraints or inhibitions - They know their future depends on their own actions and is not determined by present circumstances, past event or other people. Fully functioning persons are creative and live constructively and adaptively as environmental conditions change. - Allied with creativity is spontaneity. Fully functioning persons may face difficulties - The conditions involve continually testing, growing, striving, and using all of ones potential, a way of life that brings complexity and challenges.

Questions About Human Nature

Assessment in Rogers Theory

Assessment in Rogers Theory

Person-centered therapy
- Rogers approach to therapy, in which the client (not the patient) is assumed to be responsible for changing his/her personality.

- He explored the clients feelings and attitudes toward the SELF and toward other people.
- He listened without preconceptions, trying to understand the clients experiential world.

Assessment in Rogers Theory

Encounter Groups - A group therapy technique in which people learn about their feelings and about how they relate (or encounter) one another.

Assessment in Rogers Theory

Psychological Tests Experience Inventory(Coan.1972) - A self report questionnaire, attempt to assess openness or receptivity to experience, a characteristic of the fully functioning person. Experiencing Scale (Gendlin & Tomlinson, 1976) Measures level of trust in ourselves. Persons being assessed by this test do not respond directly. They may talk about whatever they choose, and their tape-recorded comments are later rated for degree of self trust. E.G, how much they claim their feelings are an important source of information on which to base behavior. Or how much they deny that personal feelings influenced their decisions.

The End