CNC Lathe

This presentation comprises of the following:

About CNC Lathe 2. Types of CNC lathe 3. CNC Turning Machine 4. General flow of operations of CNC machine tool 5. Coordinate system specified by CNC coordinate system 6. Types of programming 7. Important functions used in programming 8. Program configuration 9. Codes used in the program in CNC system 10. Types of Coordinate system
1.

INTRODUCTION
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the work piece

on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the work piece to create the desired product.

WHAT IS CNC LATHE?

Computerized Numerically Controlled Lathe

The machine is controlled electronically via a computer

menu style interface. The tool paths are programmed by CAD/CAM process.

Types of CNC Lathe Machines

CNC turning machine

CNC milling machine

CNC Grinding machine

CNC Turning
Cutting tool is fed into the rotating job at variety of angles and many tool shapes can be used.
Provides an economical way to make parts that are

commonly symmetrical about single axis of revolution. It can be combined with CNC milling and other processes to make more diverse shapes.

CNC Turning can shape most rigid materials such as

Aluminium
Copper Stainless steel

Nylon
Brass Titanium

Bronze
Steel

Parts made by CNC Turning include

Robot parts
Motorcycle parts Pulleys

Toy parts
Shafts Flywheels

Pros and Cons of CNC Turning machine

Pros Reduces Complexity Amount of material removed is minimized. Reduces time consumption. Cons weak shapes such as long thin structures can be difficult to machine. bored holes become difficult when the depth to diameter is high.

Pulley cnc turning

CNC turned and milled part

GENERAL FLOW OF OPERATION OF CNC MACHINE TOOL

Part Drawing

Part programming

Final Product

CNC System

Machining Plan
Determination of work pieces machining range.
Method of mounting work pieces on the machine tool. Machining sequence in every cutting process. Cutting tools and cutting conditions.
Here , we decide the cutting method in every cutting process.

CNC Turning Machine

Programming area

Turret

Turret
Index able tool holder.
Multiple cutting operations can be performed each

with a different cutting tool in rapid succession. Tool path is controlled by the machine. Two movements namely diametrical movement and lengthwise movement. Has stations(slots) for holding the tools.

Programming Area
Screen which is a computer menu style interface.
Consists of buttons for MDI(Manual Data Input) and

certain functional buttons. Tool path is programmed by giving preparatory functions known as G codes.

Functional Buttons
Cycle Start
Jog Button Chuck ID-OD

Job clamp LED

SPDL CW SPDL CCW Cycle Stop Reference Return Auto

X
Program zero point

X-axis : Diametrical movement of the turret. Z-axis : Length-wise movement of the turret.

 The coordinate system is prepared on the actual tool.

This can be achieved by programming the distance from the current position of the tool to the zero point of the coordinate system to be set.
The tool moves on the coordinate system specified by the

cnc in accordance with the command program generated w.r.t coordinate system on the part drawing and cuts the job into the shape on the drawing.

 The tool position is represented by coordinates in a coordinate

system. X-axis and Y-axis are called program axes. Coordinates are specified as: X_Z_ Types of coordinate systems are: 1. Machine coordinate system 2. Work piece coordinate system

MACHINE COORDINATE SYSTEM

The point which is specific to a machine and serves as the

reference of the machine is called Machine zero point. Machine zero point is set for each machine. A coordinate system with a machine zero point set as its origin is called machine coordinate system.

WORK PIECE COORDINATE SYSTEM

A Coordinate system used for machining the work piece is called

work piece coordinate system. A work piece coordinate system is set so that the tool tip is at specified coordinates. A set work piece coordinate system can be changed by shifting its origin. Work piece coordinate system is set by the following method: Method using G50 It is set by specifying a value after G50 in the program.

ABSOLUTE COORDINATES
The tool moves to a point at the distance from zero point of the

coordinate values.

Let the command be X30.0Z70.0;

The above command brings the tool at 70 mm length of the work piece

of 30 mm diameter.

INCREMENTAL COMMANDS
Here we specify the distance from the previous tool

position to the next tool position. Distance and direction for movement along each axis is given in the program. Instead of X and Z ,here we use U and W.

CUTTING SPEED-SPINDLE SPEED FUNCTION

Cutting speed
Relative motion between the cutting tool and the work piece is

called cutting speed. UNIT : mm/min In CNC ,the cutting speed is specified by two digit number. N = 1000v/3.14D When a work piece 200 mm in dia should be machined at a cutting speed of 300 mm/min then from above formula we get the spindle speed approximately as 478 rpm . S 478; Commands related to spindle speed are known as Spindle speed function.

FEED-FEED FUNCTION
Movement of tool at a specified speed for cutting a work

piece is called feed. Feed rates are specified by actual numerics. F 2.0 The above command is used to feed the tool 2 mm while the work piece makes one turn. The function of deciding the feed rate is called feed function.

TOOL FUNCTION
We select the tool used for various machining using the tool

function. When a number is assigned to each tool and the number is specified in the program , the corresponding tool is selected. When a tool is stored at location 01 of the turret , then the tool can be selected by specifying T0101

TOOL LENGTH COMPENSATION

Length of each tool used for machining must be measured

in advance. Difference between the length of standard tool and tool used in CNC is set in the tool offset. The above function which is set is called tool length compensation.

PROGRAM CONFIGURATION

BLOCK

BLOCK

Program

Tool movement sequence

BLOCK

BLOCK
N G X Z M S T ;

Sequence No.

Preparatory function

Dimension Word

Misc. function

Spindle function

Tool function

G-CODES AND M-CODES

G-Codes
G-codes are preparatory functions. Involves the function of the tool and its movement on the work piece. Usage depends on the job for machining.

M-Codes
M-codes are miscellaneous functions. Involves function of specifying on off operations of the components of the machine. Usage depends on the components of machine.

G-CODES
G-Code Function
Positioning(Rapid traverse) Linear interpolation

G00 G01 G28

Return to Reference position Constant surface speed control Constant surface speed control cancel

G96
G97

M-CODES
M codes M02 M03 M04 M07 M09 M30 Function Program stop Spindle(clockwise) Spindle(counter clockwise) Coolant ON Coolant OFF Program reset and rewind

POSITIONING G00 (Rapid Traverse Rate)

The G00 command moves the tool to the position in the

work piece system at a rapid traverse rate. In rapid traverse the next block is executed after the specified feedrate becomes zero and the motor reaches a certain range set by the machine builder. A rapid traverse rate is set for each axis independently by the machine tool builder.

LINEAR INTERPOLATION G01

The G01 command moves the tool along a line to the

specified position at a feedrate specified in F. The feedrate is measured along the tool path. The feedrate specified in F is effective until a new value is specified.